| Question | Answer |
| prevents protein coding RNA from being translated | antisense RNAs |
| requires carrier proteins, moves against gradient, uses energy(ATP) to move molecules | active transport |
| various signaling and transport functions | proteins |
| DNA polymerase | only works in one direction |
| flexible outer boundary, composed of lipids and proteins | plasma membrane |
| storage and transport of proteins, has ribosomes | rough ER |
| type of passive transport | osmosis |
| UPS of cell, modifies, concentrates and packages proteins and lipids | golgi apparatus |
| replisome | site of DNA replication |
| brain of cell, blueprints for cellular proteins, signals for protein synthesis | nucleus |
| semi-conservative DNA replication | continuous leading strand is synthesized
discontinuous lagging strand is synthesized in segments
DNA ligase splices together short segments of discontinuous strand
=2 DNA molecules formed from original |
| polar microtubules continue forcing poles apart | anaphase |
| carries instructions for building a polypeptide | mRNA |
| tough rope-like protein fibers, resist pulling on cell, attach to desmosomes | intermediate filaments |
| protein synthesis | triplets of nucleotide bases form genetic library; each triplet specifies coding for one amino acid |
| mitotic phase | cell division |
| centrosomes separate and migrate toward poles | prophase |
| contain protein and rRNA, site of protein synthesis | ribosomes |
| interconnected tubes, continuous with nuclear membrane | endoplasmic reticulum |
| cell stomach, contains digestive enzymes | lysosomes |
| 3 steps of transcription | initiation, elongation, termination |
| converts base sequence of nucleic acids into amino acid sequence of proteins (genetic code) | translation |
| powerhouse of cell, provides most of cells ATP, has it's own DNA and RNA | mitochondria |
| chromosomes become visible, each with 2 chromatids joined at centromere | prophase |
| centromeres of chromosomes are aligned at the equator | metaphase |
| the diffusion of water across selectively permeable membrane | osmosis, occurs until equilibrium is reached |
| centromeres of chromosomes split, chromatid becomes chromosome | anaphase |
| complementary 3 base sequence on mRNA | codon |
| DNA replication | DNA helices unwind from nuclesomes, leicase enzyme untwists double helix |
| RNA polymerase moves along template strand, elongating mRNA transcript one at a time, unwinds DNA double helix and then rewinds behind it | elongation |
| kinetochore microtubules attach to kinetichore of centromeres and draws them toward equator | prophase |
| mRNA synthesis ends when termination signal is reached. RNA polymerase and completed mRNA transcript are released | termination |
| propels whole cells (sperm) | flagella |
| structural component of ribosomes, helps translate message from mRNA | rRNA |
| communicating membrane junction | gap junction |
| chromosomes are pulled toward poles by motor proteins of kinetochores | anaphase |
| bind to amino acids and pair with bases of codons of mRNA and ribosome to begin protein synthesis | tRNA |
| mitotic spindles and asters form | prophase |
| translation | anticodon of tRNA binds to its complementary codon and adds its amino acid to the forming protein chain
new amino acids are added by other tRNAs as the ribosome moves along rRNA until it reaches stop codon |
| spindle disappears | telophase |
| double-membrane barrier with pores | nuclear envelope |
| transport of large particles, macromolecules and fluids across plasma membrane, requires energy(ATP) | vesicular transport |
| cytokinesis | division of cytoplasm by cleavage furrow |
| RNA polymerase binds to promoter, pries apart 2 DNA strands and initiates mRNA synthesis and start point on the template strand | initiation of transcription |
| 4 stages of mitosis | prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase |
| nucleoli reappear | telophase |
| cell cycle | changes from formation of cell until it reproduces |
| anchoring membrane junction, binds cells | desmosome |
| begins when chromosomes stop moving | telophase |
| smallest structural and functional living unti | cell |
| nucleotide strand | each is a template for building a new complementary strand for DNA replication |
| where the solute concentration is greater than cytosol | hypertonic, wrinkled |
| endomembrane system contains | nuclear envelope, rER, golgi body, vesicles, lysosomes |
| where the solute concentration is equal to cytosol | isotonic |
| used to convert nucleic acids to a specific amino acid | genetic code |
| important for membrane structure | lipids |
| 2 types of vesicular transport | exocytosis and endocytosis |
| segment of DNA with blueprint for 1 polypeptide | gene |
| interphase | period from cell formation to cell division |
| small RNAs that interfere with mRNAs made by certain exons | micro RNAs |
| new nuclear membrane forms around each mass | telophase |
| solute concentration is less than cytosol | hypotonic, bloated |
| impermeable membrane junction | tight junction |
| 3 types of membrane junctions | tight, desmosome, gap |
| no cellular energy(ATP) required, moves down concentration gradient | passive transport |
| 2 sets of chromosomes uncoil and form chromatin | telophase |
| measure of total concentration of solute particles | osmolarity |
| control center of cell | nucleus |
| base sequence, promoter | transcription |
| moves substances across cell surfaces | cilia |
| site of steroid and lipid synthesis, no ribosomes | smooth ER |
| enzyme that oversees synthesis of mRNA | RNA polymerase |
| translation | mRNA attaches to small ribosomal subunit, moves along mRNA to start codon
large ribosomal unit attaches, forms functional ribosomes
anticodon of tRNA binds to its complementary codon and adds its amino acid to the forming protein chain |
| begins during late anaphase, ring of actin microfilaments contracts to form cleavage furrow, 2 daughter cells are pinched apart, each with a nucleus identical to original | cytokinesis |
| function: transport, receptors or enzymes, attach to cytoskeleton or other cells | membrane proteins |
| membrane transport | membrane is selectively permeable |
| metaphase plate | plane midway between poles |
| subphases of interphse | G1 for growth, S for DNA synthesis, G2 for growth and prepping for division |
| series of rods, important for vesicle transport and cell movement | cytoskeleton |
| transfer DNA gene base sequence to a complementary base sequence of mRNA | transcription |
| role of rER in protein synthesis | mRNA-ribosome complex is directed to rER by signal recognition particle
forming protein enters ER
sugar groups may be added to protein and alter shape
protein is enclosed in a vesicle for transport to golgi body |
| involves mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA | translation |
| dynamic hollow tubes, radiate from centrosome, determines shape of cell and placement of organelles | microtubules |
| shortest phase | anaphase |
| intracellular fluid containing organelles | cytoplasm |
| 2 types of cellular extensions, whip-like extensions on surfaces of cells | cilia and flagella |
| nuclear envelope fragments | prophase |
