Chapter 3 Cells: The Living Units
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| smallest structural and functional living unti | show 🗑
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| flexible outer boundary, composed of lipids and proteins | show 🗑
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| intracellular fluid containing organelles | show 🗑
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| control center of cell | show 🗑
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| important for membrane structure | show 🗑
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| show | proteins
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| function: transport, receptors or enzymes, attach to cytoskeleton or other cells | show 🗑
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| show | tight, desmosome, gap
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| show | tight junction
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| show | desmosome
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| communicating membrane junction | show 🗑
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| show | membrane is selectively permeable
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| show | passive transport
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| type of passive transport | show 🗑
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| show | osmosis, occurs until equilibrium is reached
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| show | osmolarity
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| show | isotonic
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| where the solute concentration is greater than cytosol | show 🗑
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| solute concentration is less than cytosol | show 🗑
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| requires carrier proteins, moves against gradient, uses energy(ATP) to move molecules | show 🗑
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| transport of large particles, macromolecules and fluids across plasma membrane, requires energy(ATP) | show 🗑
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| 2 types of vesicular transport | show 🗑
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| show | mitochondria
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| show | nuclear envelope, rER, golgi body, vesicles, lysosomes
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| contain protein and rRNA, site of protein synthesis | show 🗑
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| show | endoplasmic reticulum
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| storage and transport of proteins, has ribosomes | show 🗑
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| show | smooth ER
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| UPS of cell, modifies, concentrates and packages proteins and lipids | show 🗑
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| show | lysosomes
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| series of rods, important for vesicle transport and cell movement | show 🗑
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| show | intermediate filaments
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| dynamic hollow tubes, radiate from centrosome, determines shape of cell and placement of organelles | show 🗑
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| 2 types of cellular extensions, whip-like extensions on surfaces of cells | show 🗑
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| moves substances across cell surfaces | show 🗑
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| propels whole cells (sperm) | show 🗑
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| brain of cell, blueprints for cellular proteins, signals for protein synthesis | show 🗑
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| show | nuclear envelope
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| show | changes from formation of cell until it reproduces
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| interphase | show 🗑
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| subphases of interphse | show 🗑
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| DNA replication | show 🗑
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| nucleotide strand | show 🗑
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| show | site of DNA replication
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| DNA polymerase | show 🗑
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| show | continuous leading strand is synthesized
discontinuous lagging strand is synthesized in segments
DNA ligase splices together short segments of discontinuous strand
=2 DNA molecules formed from original
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| mitotic phase | show 🗑
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| show | prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
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| cytokinesis | show 🗑
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| chromosomes become visible, each with 2 chromatids joined at centromere | show 🗑
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| centrosomes separate and migrate toward poles | show 🗑
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| show | prophase
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| show | prophase
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| kinetochore microtubules attach to kinetichore of centromeres and draws them toward equator | show 🗑
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| centromeres of chromosomes are aligned at the equator | show 🗑
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| show | plane midway between poles
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| show | anaphase
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| centromeres of chromosomes split, chromatid becomes chromosome | show 🗑
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| chromosomes are pulled toward poles by motor proteins of kinetochores | show 🗑
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| polar microtubules continue forcing poles apart | show 🗑
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| show | telophase
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| show | telophase
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| show | telophase
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| nucleoli reappear | show 🗑
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| spindle disappears | show 🗑
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| begins during late anaphase, ring of actin microfilaments contracts to form cleavage furrow, 2 daughter cells are pinched apart, each with a nucleus identical to original | show 🗑
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| show | gene
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| show | triplets of nucleotide bases form genetic library; each triplet specifies coding for one amino acid
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| show | transcription
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| show | transcription
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| show | RNA polymerase
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| show | initiation, elongation, termination
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| RNA polymerase binds to promoter, pries apart 2 DNA strands and initiates mRNA synthesis and start point on the template strand | show 🗑
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| RNA polymerase moves along template strand, elongating mRNA transcript one at a time, unwinds DNA double helix and then rewinds behind it | show 🗑
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| mRNA synthesis ends when termination signal is reached. RNA polymerase and completed mRNA transcript are released | show 🗑
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| show | translation
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| involves mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA | show 🗑
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| carries instructions for building a polypeptide | show 🗑
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| structural component of ribosomes, helps translate message from mRNA | show 🗑
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| show | tRNA
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| complementary 3 base sequence on mRNA | show 🗑
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| show | genetic code
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| translation | show 🗑
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| show | anticodon of tRNA binds to its complementary codon and adds its amino acid to the forming protein chain
new amino acids are added by other tRNAs as the ribosome moves along rRNA until it reaches stop codon
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| role of rER in protein synthesis | show 🗑
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| prevents protein coding RNA from being translated | show 🗑
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| small RNAs that interfere with mRNAs made by certain exons | show 🗑
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