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A&P Chp 6 Bone & Ske
Anatomy & Physiology I - Chapter 6: Bone and Skeletal Tissue
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cartilage tissue is mostly | water |
| The skeletal cartilage has no nerves or blood vessels, is surrounded by a layer of dense irregular connective tissue called | perichondrium |
| What is contain in the perichondrium? | blood vessels |
| Name the three types of skeletal cartilages | hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilages |
| What are the most abundant skeletal cartilages that provide flexibility? | Hyaline cartilage |
| Name the cartilages that cover the ends of most bones at movable joints | articular cartilage |
| Skeletal hyaline cartilages include | Articular, Costal, Respiratory, Nasal cartilages |
| What cartilage can stretch and bend? | Elastic cartilage |
| Where is the elastic cartilage located? | Ear and Epiglottis |
| Highly compressible and tensile strength | Fibrocartilages |
| Where is the fibrocartilages located? | Knee and vertebrae disc |
| Cartilage has ___ ____ which can accommodate mitosis | flexible matrix |
| Cartilage grows in two ways | Appositional and Interstitial growth |
| "growth from outside" | appositional growth |
| "growth from inside" | interstitial growth |
| Calcium salts in the matrix can harden is a process called | calcification |
| Typically, cartilage growth stop during what stage | adolescense |
| Is calcified cartilage a bone? | No, cartilage and bone always have different tissues |
| 206 bones in the human body divided into two groups: | axial and appendicular skeleton |
| Long axis of the body (skull, vertebral column, and rib cage) | axial skeleton |
| Name the skeleton that consists of the bones of the upper and lower limbs and the girdles (shoulder bones and hip bones) that is connected to the axial skeleton | appendicular skeleton |
| What part of the bones helps to get us from place to place? | limbs |
| Name the bone that have a shaft and two ends, and has all limb bones except patella, wrists, and ankle bones | Long bones |
| Wrist and ankle bones; roughly cube shaped | Short bones |
| Special type of bone that are form in tendon | Sesamoid bones |
| Name the type of bones that includes most skull, the sternum, scapula, and ribs | Flat bones |
| Complicated shapes bones that includes vertebrae and hip bones | Irregular bones |
| Name the FIVE functions of bones: | Support, Protection, Movement, Mineral and growth factor storage, and Blood cell formation |
| Bone is reservoir for what TWO most important types of minerals? | calcium and phosphate |
| Where does the blood cell formation or hematopoieses occurs? | in the marrow cavities of certain bones |
| Is bones an organs? | Yes, cause they have different tissues |
| Name the three levels of bone structure: | Gross, Microscopic, Chemical |
| Projections, depressions, and openings that serve as sites of muscle, ligament, and tendon attachment, as joint surfaces, or blood vessels and nerves | bone markings |
| The dense outer layer that looks smooth and solid is called | compact bone |
| Consists of honeycomb, needle-like, or flat pieces, called trabeculae is called | spongy bone |
| Blood cell formation | Hematopoiesis |
| What type of bone are found mostly in the hip? | spongy bone |
| Mature bone cells | Osteocytes |
| Location of red bone marrow | Spongy bone |
| Cartilage cells | Chondrocytes |
| Bone-building cells | Osteoblasts |
| Process of bone formation | Osteogenesis or ossification |
| Replacement of connective tissue membranes with bony tissue | Intramembranous ossification |
| Replacement of hyaline cartilage with bony tissue | Endochondral ossification |
| Growth region (in length) of the long bone | Epiphyseal plate |
| Growth of bone in diameter | Appositional growth |
| Narrow passageways that contain cytoplasmic extensions of osteocytes | Canaliculi |
| Basic functional unit of compact bone | Osteon |
| Tiny plates of bone material found in spongy bone | Trabeculae |
| Concentric rings that surround the Haversian canal | Lamellae |
| Perforating canals that carry interconnected blood vessels to the Haversian canal | Volkmann canals |
| Structures contained in the central canal of an osteon | Blood vessels |
| The substance contained in the medullary cavity of bones in an adult | Yellow bone marrow |
| Substance contained in the spaces of the spongy bone | Red bone marrow |
| The inorganic minerals contained in the intercellular matrix of bone | Calcium and phosphorus (hydroxyapatite) |
| The hormone that functions to decrease the level of calcium in the blood | Calcitonin |
| The hormone that raises the level of calcium ions in the blood | Parathyroid hormone |
| The hormone that is used in hormone therapy to reduce osteoporosis | Estrogen |
| Elevated levels of a hormone that could cause premature closure of the epiphyseal plates | Testosterone |
| A hormone that is necessary for proper bone formation | Thyroxine |
| A painful infection of the bone often caused by bacteria | Osteomyelitis |
| A condition occurs with aging that causes a gradual reduction in bone mass | Osteopenia |
| Hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone would produce changes in the bone similar to those associated with | Osteomalacia |
| A condition causing bow legs in a child | Rickets |
| A painful condition that occurs when the bones become weak and thin and tend to fracture easily | Osteoporosis |
| A fracture in which the bone breaks cleanly and does not penetrate the skin | Simple fracture |
| fracture that has broken ends of the bone protrude through the soft tissues and the skin | Compound fracture |
| A fracture in which the bone is crushed | Compression fracture |
| A fracture in which broken bone ends are forced into each other | Impacted fracture |
| A fracture in which bone fragments into many pieces | Comminuted fracture |
| Long bone | Femur of the leg |
| Short bone | Carpals of wrist |
| Flat bone | Sternum of breastbone |
| Irregular bone | Vertebrae of spinal column and hip bones |
| Sesamoid bone | Patella of knee |
| Large, rough, rounded projections | Tuberosity |
| Crest | Narrow ridge of bone |
| Trochanter | Very large, blunt, irregularly-shaped process |
| Tubercle | Small rounded projection or process |
| Spine | Sharp, slender, often pointed projection |
| Bony expansion carried on a narrow neck | Head |
| Smooth, nearly flat articular surface | Facet |
| Rounded articular projection | Condyle |
| Arm-like bar of bone | Ramus |
| Canal-like passageway | Meatus |
| Cavity within a bone | Sinus |
| Shallow, basin-like depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface | Fossa |
| Furrow | Groove |
| Narrow, slit-like opening | fissure |
| Round or oval opening through a bone | foramen |
| Name the intramembranous ossification or spongy bone stages in order: | Stage 1-Ossification center in the fibrous membrane, Stage 2-Bone matrix within the fibrous membrane, Stage 3-Woven bone and the periosteum , Stage 4-Compact bone plates and red marrow |
| Name the endochondroal ossification in a long bone process in order: | 1-Bone collar around the diaphysis of the hyaline model , 2-Calcification of cartilage in the center of the diaphysis, 3-Invasion of internal cavities by the periosteal bud, 4-Medullary cavity as ossification continues, 5-Ossification if the epiphysis |
| Name the growth of a long bone stages in order: | 1-Cartilage cells undergo mitosis, 2-Cartilage cells undergo hypertrophy followed by calcification of the matrix, 3-Dead cartilage cells appear, matrix begins deteriorating, 4-Ossification occurs on the epiphyseal plate next to the medullary cavity |
| Most abundant skeletal cartilage | Hyaline cartilage |
| Cartilage-forming cell | Chrondroblast |
| Able to withstand large amounts of compression | Fibrocartilage |
| Located in the external ear and epiglottis | Elastic cartilage |
| Encloses brain and other soft organs function as... | Protection |
| Site of attachment for skeletal muscles function as... | Movement |
| Calcium phosphate repository function as... | Mineral storage |
| Blood cell production function as... | Hematopoiesis |
| Bone-destroying cell | Osteoclast |
| Bone stem cell | Osteoprogenitor cell |
| Primary ossification center | Diaphysis |
| Secondary ossification center | Epiphysis |
| Site of length increase in long bones | Growth plate |
| Process of long bone development | Endochondral ossification |
| Name the 4 stages of bone repair: | 1) Hematoma formation 2) Fibrocartilaginous callus formation 3) Bony callus 4) Bone remodeling |
| Caused by tearing of blood vessels in and around fracture site | Hematoma formation |
| Activity of fibroblasts and osteoblasts creates an overgrown splint around the fracture site | Fibrocartilage callus |
| Trabeculae invade callus and begin to replace fibrous tissue | Bony callus formation |
| Excess bony material is removed from the external and internal surfaces of the diaphysis | Bone remodeling |
| Layers of bone | Lamellae |
| Cavities in bone where cells live. | Lacunae |
| Major organic fiber of bone. | Collagen |
| Major inorganic component of bone | Calcium phosphate |
| Has length greater than width | Long bone |
| Length and width equal. | Short bone |
| Bone with complex shape. | Irregular bone |
| Thin bone. | Flat bone |
| Ovoid bone found in tendon. | Sesamoid bone |
| Shaft of a long bone | Diaphysis |
| Hollow space in the shaft. | Medullary cavity |
| Expanded portion of the long bone at its ends | Epiphysis |
| Thin connective tissue membrane that lines the medullary cavity. | Endosteum |
| Fibrous connective tissue membrane that covers the outer surface of long bone | Periosteum |
| A major difference between bone tissue and other connective tissues lies in which of the following? | The composition of the intercellular substance of bone |
| Which of the following statements concerning the periosteum of a bone is NOT true? | Periosteum does NOT cover sesamoid bones, the articular surfaces of bones, or extend around tendon and ligament |
| Which of the following factors is NOT believed to affect bone growth? | proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids |
| During fetal development intramembranous ossification takes place in | connective tissue membranes |
| Elevated levels of calcium ion in the blood stimulate the secretion of the hormone | calcitonin |
| Endochondral and intramembranous are terms that are used to describe | the development of bone |
| Endochondral ossification begins with the formation of | a cartilage model |
| What is the function of the skeletal system? | protect, store minerals, support the body and form new blood cells |
| Long bones differ from flat bones in that long bones | have epiphyses |
| Mary is 50 years old. During a checkup, a bone scan reveals that portions of her skeleton show signs of osteoporosis. Her physician suggests hormone therapy after reviewing the test results. What hormone is prescribed for Mary? | Estrogen |
| The bones of the skeleton store energy reserves as lipids in areas of | yellow marrow |
| The lacunae of bone contain | osteocytes |
| The process of bone growth at the epiphyseal plate is similar to | endochondral ossification. |
| The two types of osseous tissue are | compact bone and spongy bone |
| When cartilage is produced at the epiphyseal side of the metaphysis at the same rate as bone is deposited on the opposite side, bones | grow longer |
| When the epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone | long bones have reached their adult length. |
| When does Intramembranous ossification begins? | begins within a connective tissue membrane. |
| A fracture in the shaft of a bone would occur in the | diaphysis |
| Growth of a cartilage in which the chondrocytes within the matrix become active and proliferate is known as | interstitial growth |
| Osteocytes maintain contact with the blood vessels of the central canal through | canaliculi |
| Spongy bone contains all of the following except | true osteons |
| The bones in the long axis of the body make up the | axial skeleton |
| Which of the following is a canal-like passageway? | meatus |
| Which of the following characteristics of skeletal cartilage limits its thickness? | It is avascular and receives most of its nourishment from the perichondrium that surrounds it. |
| Which of the following structures is made of elastic cartilage? | the epiglottis |
| The menisci of the knee are made of | fibrocartilage |
| Which of the following statements best describes interstitial growth of cartilage? | Chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix from within the cartilage. |
| ___________ bones act to alter the direction of tendon pull | Sesamoid |
| _______ is stored in the matrix of bones | calcium |
| A narrow slit-like opening in a bone is referred to as a | spine |
| Which of the following structures anchors the periosteum to the underlying bone? | perforating |
| Which of the following is the site where bone marrow is routinely sampled in an adult? | the sternum |
| Bone forming cells originate from | osteoprogenitor cells |
| A Haversian system is the functional unit of | lamellar bone |
| The twisting of a long bone is prevented by which of the following? | circumferential lamella |
| It is currently thought that sacrificial bonds between_______ provide resilience to bone tissue. | collagen molecules |
| Hydroxyapatite in bone matrix that gives bone its hardness is primarily composed of | calcium and phosphates |
| 65% of bone mass is composed of | hydroxyapatites |
| In the human embryo, before eight weeks the skeleton is composed of | fibrous membrane |
| All bones of the skeleton below the base of the skull are developed by endochondral ossification except the | clavicle |
| Which type of bone only has primary ossification centers? | short bones |
| In month three of endochondral ossification, the first structure to be formed is a collection of elements known as the ____________ that invades the bone cavities present at this time. | periosteal bud |
| Every week we recycle _____ of our bone mass. | 5% |
| Which of the following of the following statements about osteoclasts is incorrect? | Osteoclasts only reabsorb old bone matrix |
| Which of the following hormones' primary function is to regulate bone density? | leptin |
| If a breastfeeding mother becomes vitamin D deficient, what is the most likely disease to develop in the nursing infant? | rickets |
| Which of the following fractures would be the most likely not to heal? | a comminuted fracture |
| How does alendronate help treat osteoporosis? | It suppresses osteoclast activity |
Created by:
kenstack
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