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Policing
CJ Unit 2 Notebook - Policing
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| "What was the earliest known criminal code, written in 2200 BC?" | The Code of Hammurabi. |
| The Code of Hammurabi is one of the earliest known examples of what legal principle? | Lex talionis (eye for an eye). |
| "In the Roman Empire, what group was established by Emperor Augustus to act as an early police force and protect the city?" | The Cohortes Urbanae. |
| "What was the name of the group that protected the Roman emperor, similar to the modern secret service?" | The Praetorian Guard. |
| "In Middle Ages England, what was the system where all adult males were expected to work together to protect the community?" | Frankpledge. |
| "Under the Frankpledge system, what two main crimes did community members look for?" | Murder and theft. |
| "In Middle Ages England, what term describes the person in charge of a 'hundred' (a group of 10 tithings) and is considered the first police officer?" | A constable. |
| The modern-day sheriff evolved from what position in Middle Ages England? | "The shire-reeve, who was in charge of the shire." |
| Who created the Bow Street Runners in 1748 in response to a high number of thefts in London? | Henry Fielding. |
| Why were the Bow Street Runners considered the first real detectives? | "Because they investigated and apprehended criminals, patrolling the streets looking for crime." |
| "Who pushed for criminal justice reform in England, leading to the Metropolitan Police Act of 1829?" | Sir Robert Peel. |
| "Believed to be the world's first organized police force, the _____ became the model for American policing." | Metropolitan Police Force. |
| Officers of the London Metropolitan Police Force are commonly known by what nickname? | Bobbies. |
| "In Colonial America, what were the three primary duties of a governor-appointed sheriff?" | "To manage the jail, investigate criminal complaints, and collect taxes." |
| "What was the title of the official who was appointed or elected for police duties within city limits in Colonial America, similar to a modern police chief?" | Town Marshal. |
| Which American city established the first fully organized police department in 1838? | Boston. |
| "The _____ era of policing (1776-1840) took place before the creation of formal police departments, with sheriffs and town marshals as the major policing focus." | Pre-Policing |
| "Which era of American policing (1840-1930) was characterized by police representing local politicians, foot patrols, and corruption?" | The Political Era. |
| Who is known as the father of police administration for promoting a professional model of policing during the Reform Era? | August Vollmer. |
| The _____ Era of policing (1930-1980) focused on cleaning up police corruption and increasing the use of technology. | Reform |
| "In which policing era (1980-2000) did problem-oriented and proactive policing begin, with police working with the community to solve problems?" | The Community Era. |
| "The Present Era of policing (2001-Present), also known as the Homeland Security era, shifted focus to what major areas after 09/11/01?" | "Police response to terrorism, crime control, exposing threats, and intelligence gathering." |
| What term defines the geographical area where the duties and responsibilities of law enforcement officers take place? | Jurisdiction. |
| What is the jurisdiction of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)? | "All 50 states and any US territories, but they are limited to enforcing only federal laws." |
| At what three levels does policing take place in the United States? | "Federal, state, and local." |
| What is a 'beat' in the context of a police department? | A smaller geographical unit within a department's jurisdiction that is patrolled by officers. |
| What are the four basic responsibilities of police officers while on duty? | "To enforce the law, provide services, prevent crime, and preserve the peace." |
| "Most of a police officer's time is spent on what activities, rather than fighting crime?" | "Paperwork, maintaining order, traffic patrol, and responding to emergencies." |
| What is the legal definition of an arrest? | When a person suspected of a crime is taken into custody. |
| An arrest is considered a seizure under which constitutional amendment? | The 4th Amendment. |
| What is an arrest warrant? | "A court order, obtained from a judge, commanding that a specific person be taken into custody." |
| Under what two general circumstances can an officer arrest someone without a warrant? | When a crime is committed in the officer's presence or when the officer has probable cause. |
| "An arrest is legally justified by _____, whereas a detention or stop is justified by _____." | probable cause; reasonable suspicion |
| "What is the purpose of an arrest, as opposed to the purpose of a detention?" | The purpose of an arrest is to charge a suspect with a crime. |
| "During a stop and frisk where no arrest has been made, is a Miranda warning required?" | "No, Miranda is not required during a stop and frisk." |
| What are the four primary effective communication skills used by police officers? | "Thinking, listening, speaking (verbal), and nonverbal." |
| "According to the source material, what percentage of how a person is feeling is expressed nonverbally?" | 65%. |
| What does 'paralanguage' refer to in communication? | The vocal part of speech and its nuances that go beyond the specific words spoken (how something is said). |
| Police radio messages should be a maximum of less than _____ seconds. | 30 |
| "What system do officers use over the radio to clearly convey the letters of words, such as license plates?" | The phonetic alphabet. |
| "What is the primary operational strategy used in policing today, involving uniformed officers looking for criminal activity?" | Preventive patrol. |
| "When police respond to a traffic accident, what type of operational strategy is this called, where the primary purpose is to restore order and document the event?" | Routine Incident Response. |
| Criminal investigations are usually conducted by _____ rather than regular police officers. | police detectives |
| What are three examples of support services a police department needs to function? | "Dispatch, Property Control, and Record Keeping." |
| What style of police management utilizes a chain of command where all decisions are made from the top and flow down? | Militaristic Style of Management. |
| What management style is based on solving problems by having the police act as partners with the community? | Community Policing Style of Management. |
| "Which style of policing is primarily concerned with maintaining order, disrupting criminal behavior, and using discretion?" | Watchman style. |
| An officer who tickets a person for driving one mile over the speed limit is demonstrating which style of policing? | Legalistic style. |
| Which style of policing reflects the needs of the community and involves working with social services to solve problems? | Service style. |
| The Fourth Amendment protects people from what? | Unreasonable searches and seizures. |
| What is the two-part test established in Katz vs. US to determine if a person has a reasonable expectation of privacy? | "1. The person must demonstrate an expectation of privacy, and 2. that expectation must be reasonable." |
| What is a common exception to the search warrant requirement? | "Exigent circumstances exist, search incident to a lawful arrest, consent is given, or items are in plain view." |
| Does a person generally have a reasonable expectation of privacy for garbage left on the curb for collection? | "No, based on California vs Greenwood, there is no reasonable expectation of privacy for discarded garbage." |
| "What legal document must an officer complete to get a warrant, which is a sworn statement of facts providing probable cause?" | An affidavit. |
| What must police officers generally do when executing a search warrant at a residence? | They must knock and announce their presence. |
| What are the four main sources of probable cause for an officer? | "Personal observation, investigation, information obtained from a victim or witness, and association with known criminals in a high-crime area." |
| The _____ allows an officer to search a suspect and the area within their immediate control after a lawful arrest has been made. | search incident to a lawful arrest |
| "If an officer is legally in a location and sees evidence of a crime, they may seize it without a warrant under what doctrine?" | The Plain View doctrine. |
| A 'stop and frisk' search may only be conducted to look for what? | Weapons. |
| What standard of proof do officers need to search a student or their belongings at a school? | Reasonable suspicion. |
| What is the exclusionary rule? | Any evidence obtained illegally cannot be used against a defendant at trial. |
| The 'Fruit of the Poisonous Tree' doctrine states that any new evidence obtained from _____ collected illegally cannot be used at trial. | evidence |
| What is the primary purpose of a police interview? | To gather information about a crime or the person(s) involved in the crime. |
| What are the three main categories of persons to be interviewed in an investigation? | "Victim, witness, and suspect." |
| What is 'rapport' in the context of an interview? | "A state where two people agree on the means and willingness to communicate, often established through mutual respect." |
| What are the four primary reasons to conduct a traffic stop? | "To issue a citation/warning, aid a motorist, investigate a suspicious vehicle, or investigate unrelated suspicious activity." |
| "Before exiting the patrol vehicle during a traffic stop, what information should an officer report to dispatch?" | "License plate, location, number of occupants, and reason for the stop." |
| What is the purpose of an officer touching the rear of a suspect's vehicle when approaching it during a traffic stop? | To leave a fingerprint as proof that the officer was in contact with that specific vehicle. |
| What is ethics? | Moral principles that govern a person's behavior or the conducting of an activity. |
| The power of _____ gives each player in the criminal justice system the ability to make decisions in their daily job. | discretion |
| What are the three 'C's' of ethics in criminal justice? | "Compliance, Contributions, and Consequences." |
| "What type of corrupt police officer, as defined by the Knapp Commission, engages in illegitimate activity like accepting gratuities during normal police work?" | Grass Eaters. |
| "What type of corrupt police officer, as defined by the Knapp Commission, actively seeks out illegal money-making opportunities and commits more serious corruption?" | Meat Eaters. |
| The 5th Amendment protects a person from being compelled to be a _____ against himself. | witness |
| What are three key rights provided by the 6th Amendment? | "The right to a speedy and public trial, the right to confront witnesses, and the right to the assistance of counsel." |
| "Generally, a police officer can only arrest a suspect for a misdemeanor if it was committed in their _____." | presence |
| "To arrest a suspect for a felony, an officer does not need to witness the crime but must establish what?" | Probable cause. |
| A suspect arrested via an arrest warrant has the right to see what three things concerning the warrant? | "The warrant itself, confirmation of their information on it, and the charges against them." |
| "After being arrested and booked, a suspect has the right to make a reasonable number of _____." | phone calls |
| "During a suspect's first court appearance, they will be given the opportunity for what?" | Bail. |
| A defendant is presumed innocent and it is up to the _____ to prove their guilt. | prosecutor |
| What term describes the order of authority within a police department? | Chain of Command. |
| The principle of _____ means that every individual in a chain of command has only one supervisor. | unity of command |
| What is 'span of control' in an organizational structure? | The number of people supervised by one manager. |
| What is the only top administrator position in law enforcement that is elected? | The sheriff. |
| "In an emergency response situation, who typically serves as the initial Incident Commander (IC)?" | The first person on the scene. |
| An _____ strategy for an Emergency Response Team (ERT) places members in close range of the emergency where they can engage with suspects. | offensive |
| A _____ strategy for an Emergency Response Team (ERT) removes members from high-risk activities to de-escalate an incident. | defensive |
| What are the three levels (jurisdictions) of American policing? | "Federal, State, and Local." |
| Which federal agency began collecting crime data for the Uniform Crime Report in 1930? | The Federal Bureau of Investigation (F.B.I.). |
| What is the primary role of state police departments? | To control traffic on the highway system. |
| "Which group, formed in 1835, is believed to be the first state police force in the United States?" | The Texas Rangers. |
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J-Sllim-00
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