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CJC 402 final
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| social system | society, community, subsystem, socially organized, internal consensus on norms and values |
| anomie | state of normlessness or norm confusion within a society |
| Merton's theory of social structure and anomie | form of anomie that examines individuals within society who realize that not everyone can achieve the American Dream |
| Merton's five behaviors | conformist, innovator, rebel, retreatist, ritualist |
| conformist | accepts the state of affairs and continues to strive for success within the restricted conventional means available |
| innovator | maintains commitment to success goals but takes advantage of illegitimate means to attain them |
| rebel | Rejects system altogether, and replaces it with a new one |
| retreatist | becomes a societal dropout, giving up on goals and effort to achieve them |
| ritualist | gives up the struggle to get ahead, concentrates on retaining what little has been gained by adhering rigidly and zealously to the norms |
| Cohen: status deprivation and the delinquent subculture | form of anomie that examines juveniles and inability to meet middle class standards, status deprivation leads to status frustration, produces deviant and criminal juveniles |
| Cloward and Ohlin: differential opportunity and delinquent subcultures | form of anomie that examines opportunities, three groups (criminal, conflict, retreatist) |
| Cloward and Ohlin: criminal subculture | in lower class neighborhoods that contain adult inferences from criminal lives, in youth gangs that are together to commit "income producing offenses" |
| Cloward and Ohlin: conflict subculture | found in lower class neighborhoods that are socially organized and contain minimal adult role models, youth turn to gangs and are tough, violence, able to fight |
| Cloward and Ohlin: retreatist subculture | double failures- do not do well in society as noncriminal, do not succeed within gang, have given up on both goals and means |
| Miller: focal concerns | central values that lower class youth learn and live their lives by, trouble, toughness, smartness, smartness, excitement, fatalism, autonomy |
| inverse relationship between social class and lawbreaking | extension of assumptions and logic of strain theory, led to expect a higher incidence of crime in those who belong to disadvantaged groups |
| gangs and delinquent subcultures | Neither gang members or other delinquents sustain a distinct subculture that promotes values and norms directly contrary to conventional culture |
| perceived discrepancy between aspirations and expectations | aspirations- what one hopes to achieve, expectations- what one believes is realistically possible |
| Mesner and Rosenfield's institutional anomie theory | American society set up to give priority to economic institutions, weakening other social controls; producing a high level of crime |
| Mesner and Rosenfield's institutional anomie theory four value orientations | achievement orientation, individualism, universalism, fetishism of money |
| Agnew's general strain theory of crime and delinquency | crime and delinquency are result of strain placed on individual, failure to achieve positively valued goals, removal of positively valued stimuli, confrontation with negative stimuli |
| Agnew’s Types of Strain Most Likely to Lead to Criminal or Delinquent Coping | seen as unjust, high in magnitude, emanate from situations in which social control is undermined, pressure individual into criminal associations |
| Agnew's types of strain | subjective, objective, vicarious, anticipated |
| subjective strain | strain as identified by individual |
| objective strain | strain that has been universally identified |
| vicarious strain | strain that is witnessed |
| anticipated strain | strain that is expected to occur and is identified by the individual |
| policy based on anomie and strain theories | basic social changes need to be fostered to remove the criminogenic features of economic, political, and social institutions of society |
| conflict theory | view that society is divided into two or more groups with competing ideas and values, group with the most power makes the laws and control society |
| social control | System with rules concerning the way people should and should not behave. informal and formal |
| social control through socialization | Process of teaching and learning values, norms, and customs through example and the application of positive and negative social sanctions |
| informal social control | Rules and regulations administered by family, friends, and other groups (church and neighborhood) |
| formal social control | Includes law and the criminal justice system in which the rules are enforced by legally authorized agents |
| consensus theory | states that laws are a result of, and a reflection of, general agreement in society, Views of right and wrong influence the laws and rules that govern a society |
| functionalist theory | looks at how the law acts to resolve everyday disputes in society, and how it acts to serve everyone, not just the powerful, law also serves a symbolic function and discourages deviant behavior |
| research on legislation | Studies the influence of interest groups on legislation, findings consistent with a pluralistic conflict model |
| research on public opinion on crime and criminal justice | Research on the consensus or dissensus in public opinion about what, and how strongly, acts are disapproved, consensus on condemnation of criminal behavior found in the core criminal law |
| research on extralegal variables in criminal justice decision making | examines the exercise of discretion in applying the law against accused or suspected juvenile or adult law violators, extralegal (race, class, gender), legal (prior record, charged offenses) |
| conflict theory of criminal behavior | process of lawmaking, lawbreaking, and law enforcement can be viewed as a power struggle between competing economic and political interest groups, criminal behavior is a reflection of ongoing collective conflict |
| marxist theory definition | focuses upon the division between the ruling-class elite and the laborers, masses controlled both economically and legally |
| Bourgeoisie | ruling-class elite in a capitalist system; those with the power, control political state and proletariat |
| Proletariat | working class or laborers in a capitalist society; those with no power |
| crimes of accommodation | Crimes committed by the lower class against the upper class, or the capitalist system |
| crimes of control | Crimes committed by criminal justice personnel |
| crimes of domination and repression | Crimes committed by the ruling class against the lower class |
| crimes of government | Crimes committed by both appointed and elected officials |
| marxist theory of law and criminal justice | law is structured to serve only the interests of the ruling elite, criminal justice system is used against the people |
| instrumentalist marxism | law and criminal justice system is always and only a tool of the capitalist class to oppress the working class |
| structuralist marxism | political state is not under the total control of the ruling elite; from time to time, laws may be passed that harm the ruling elite; and may be subject to state control |
| Bonger- early marxist theory of crime | crime is produced by capitalistic organization of society. law is controlled by the bourgeoisie, so actions of the proletariats are then defined as criminal |
| Quinney- crimes committed by proletariat | crimes of accommodation, crimes of resistance |
| Quinney- crimes committed by bourgeousie | crimes of domination and repression, crimes of control, crimes of government |
| policy implications for marxism | socialism- system of economic organization in which means of production are held by state for benefit of all |
| critical criminology | extension of Marxist theory that goes beyond the examination of the effects of capitalism on crime, crime is caused by power struggle in society |
| constitutive criminology | how relationships between criminals, victims, and agents of control act and react to form our understanding of crime, relationship between individual and society |
| postmodernism | eliminate the power of language that is used to give power to specific groups while denying it to others, eliminate reliance on scientific explanations of CJ, replace it with perspective that recognizes and advances disadvantaged individuals |
| hegemony | all-pervasive influence of modern scientific thought, attempts to find testable explanations and causes of crime |
| Henry and Milovanovic: constitutive criminology | people who commit crime, people who seek to control crime, people who want to explain crime |
| left realism | examines role capitalism plays in society, recognizes impact and fear caused by crime, rejects both conservative and leftist perspectives |
| left idealism | Overlooks the pain caused to victims as the result of criminal activities, Treats crime as an epiphenomenon, criminal conceived as blameless, punishment unwarranted |
| culture | Values, norms, beliefs, moral evaluations, symbolic meanings, and normative orientations shared or professed by members of a social system |
| cultural criminology | looks at more than just the offender, and believes that by looking at not only the offender, but the criminal justice system itself, a more inclusive understanding can be gained, focus on gaining insight into entire culture |
| peacemaking criminology | attempt to get victims, offenders, criminal justice agents to recognize and reduce violence at center of society and system |
| feminist theory | attempt to define criminology and criminal justice based upon the experiences of the world as perceived by women |
| contemporary feminist criminology | intersectionality, understanding of unique female position, importance of women's studies |
| women's liberation and female crime | Media began to report instances of women committing crimes that ran counter to traditional stereotypes of feminine roles |
| masculinity hypothesis | as women become more equal in society with men, their crime rates will increase |
| opportunity hypothesis | as women increase their numbers in corporate America, their rates of white-collar and corporate crime will increase with increased opportunity |
| economic marginalization hypothesis | economic pressures put on women to support themselves and their dependent children, along with the stepping back of men from their roles of financial support of women and children, has pushed women into criminal activity for economic gain |
| power control theory | In patriarchal families, sons are more likely than daughters to be delinquent because sons receive less supervision than daughters. In egalitarian families, the delinquent behavior of sons and daughters becomes more similar |
| patriarchal society and crime | the father is typically in a command position in the workplace and runs the family, mothers more likely to supervise daughters more closely than sons |
| masculinities and structured action | Crime may be viewed as an attempt to claim, reclaim, or prove the very qualities that make one a man |
| gendered pathways approach | descriptive approach that gives voice to and acknowledges the physical and sexual abuse common to many female offenders |
| gendered contexts approach | examines the different opportunities males and females have to commit criminal acts, and how males and females respond differently to similar situations and events |
| empirical validity of feminist theories | no clear evaluation, policies still being formed |
| policy implications for feminist theories | ending of patriarchy, reduce gender based disparities |
| developmental and life course theories | Attempt to make sense of different patterns of criminal behavior over time |
| age and crime curve | Where the crime rate typically increases from early adolescence and peaks in the mid-to-late teenage years followed by a decline in early adulthood |
| criminal careers | focuses on explaining if, how, and why certain factors may affect, initiation of criminal activity, continuation and escalation of activity, termination of criminal activity |
| Moffitt’s Developmental Taxonomy | first efforts to identify different patterns of criminality at different ages or developmental stages in the life-course |
| Loeber’s Developmental Pathways Model | overt developmental pathway, covert developmental pathway, authority conflict developmental pathway |
| Gottfredson and Hirschi’s Self-Control Theory | Individuals whose parents neglected to engage in correction of childhood misconduct will fail to develop sufficient self-control |
| Sampson and Laub’s Age Graded Theory of Informal Social Control | Abrupt “turning points” and gradual changes that come with growing older increase social bonds to society, those who do not experience these changes are more likely to persist in offending |
| Giordano’s Life-Course Perspective on Social Learning | Definitions favorable/unfavorable to crime learned through socialization experiences can be redefined over time given new social or intimate interactions and relationships |
| Farrington’s Integrated Cognitive Antisocial Potential Theory | Focuses on between-individual differences to account for the development of offenders, aims to explain why offenders may commit crime in certain situations over the life-course but not in other circumstances |
| adolescence limited offenders | onset of delinquency in early adolescence and desistance from delinquency occurs as the adolescent matures into young adulthood |
| life course persistence offenders | disorders in childhood, engage in serious forms of misconduct and law-violating behavior into adulthood |
| overt developmental pathway | Low level of aggressive behavior initially, escalate into more aggressive forms of behavior, ultimately become involved in serious and violent behavior |
| covert developmental pathway | Initiate offending behavior prior to age 15, demonstrate early life-course involvement in minor covert criminal activities, escalate to more serious delinquency |
| authority conflict developmental pathway | Early onset of disobedient behavior, escalate to other activities indicative of authority avoidance |
| antisocial potential | propensity to exhibit antisocial or criminal behavior |
| short term antisocial potential | Affected primarily by immediate situational factors and criminal opportunities |
| long term antisocial potential | Influenced more by cognitive and developmental factors |
| Three ways by which theories can be evaluated and developed | on its own, competition, integration |
| theory competition | Logical, conceptual, or empirical comparison of two or more theories to determine which offers the better or best explanation |
| theoretical integration | when two or more theories are combined to make the new theory explain criminal activity in a more comprehensive manner, combine two competing theories that were not as incompatible as once thought |
| conceptual integration | Concepts from one theory are shown to overlap in meaning with concepts from another theory |
| propositional integration | how two or more theories make the same predictions about crime or make propositions that can be put together, even though each may begin with different concepts and assumptions |
| within level theoretical integration | Only micro-level or only macro-level |
| cross level theoretical integration | Micro-macro or structural-processual |
| Akers conceptual integration | Integration by Conceptual Absorption- integration of multiple theories can occur through conceptual absorption |
| Cullen and Colvin conceptual integration | social support and coercion- Social support prevents crime and the greater the social support, the lower crime and victimization, coercion may be the unifying concept in criminology because crime is a reaction or response to coercion |
| Elliot’s Integrative Model of Strain, Bonding, and Learning | Strain (in the family and school) weakens social bonds to conventional society, which in turn promotes strong bonds to delinquent peers, which are principal factors in the commission of delinquent behavior |
| Krohn’s Network Analysis | Proposed an explanation of delinquency that draws on both social learning and social bonding theory, social and personal networks, multiplexity, network density |
| Thornberry’s Interactional Theory | integration of social structure, social bonding, social learning theory, proposes relationships among bonding, learning, delinquency do not all run in same direction |
| Tottle’s Control Balance Theory | Proposed a “synthetic integration” in which “control balance” is the unifying causal process in criminal and deviant behavior |
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gillwags
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