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forensic final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the reasoning behind plea bargaining: | likelihood of conviction ( based on quantity of criminating evidence |
| what are problems with this reasoning: | extraneous factors underline rationality, prosecutor & defense attorney motivation, cognitive influence, social influences, bail trap and pretrial detainment |
| expected utility theory: | p(outcome) X utility of outcome |
| the prisoner's dilemma: | Two people get arrested. questioned separately, and each has two options: Stay quiet or Snitch on the other. if they both stay quiet, they get 1 year; if one snitches, they go free other gets a heavy sentence; if both snitch, they get the same sentence |
| Bail-trap: | system pressures poor people to plead guilty because they can't afford bail. |
| prosecutor motivations: | Prosecutors decide what charges to bring and if they offer plea deals, They might push people to take unfair plea deals or charge more than necessary just to make their job easier or look good. |
| Be able to describe the experiments of the Wilford et al. study. | Participants watched a fake crime video.After the video, some were given misleading information about what they saw.Later, when asked to recall the crime, many people mixed up real and fake details. |
| Wilford et al. study findings, | proved that memories about crimes can be easily influenced and aren't always accurate. |
| Wilford et al. study implications | Eyewitnesses can make mistakes,Police need to be careful w/ questioning |
| Can we tell when others are lying? How? | Detection is poor even among those w/ training, we can tell through non verbal behavior, emotional cues, and cognitive load |
| Briefly describe the history of the polygraph | The theory lying causes physiological arousal, 1960’s-1980’s polygraph was lucrative business, polygraph act of 1988, 9/11/01 resurgence of polygraph use |
| RIT, | relevant(did you kill joe) - irrelevant(is it tuesday) test |
| comparison question test | comparison question test , Relevant ( did you kill joe) irrelevant (have you ever killed someone |
| positive control test | Relevant ( did you kill joe) irrelevant (did you kill joe) |
| What are the primary weaknesses of polygraphing? | Differential reaction of the person being tested emotional non-response, innocent, lack of standardization, use of countermeasures, doubt about polygraph validity |
| What are limitation of both controlled lab studies and field studies on lie detection and the polygraph? | Low consequences for lying, limited or subjected experience or training in countermeasures , lies told in controlled studies to tend to be more simple than those told about real crimes |
| How can police use the fact that lying is cognitively demanding to detect lies? | reversing story telling, suspect questioner eye contact, spatial information through drawing |
| What is the legal status of the polygraph in court? | Admissible in court in many states |
| How is the polygraph used as coercion? | Attemps to void views guilt, not avoiding viewed as innocence, results sometimes manipulated by polygrapher to coerce suspect |
| What do jurors think of the polygraph? | juror generally finds results persuasive,results can change outcome of trial, experts are more skeptical than general public |
| Describe the Guilty Knowledge Test. | a guilty person will recognize scenes & events from the crime that an innocent person will not- this is reflected in physiological arousal |
| Describe other methods of high and low tech lie detection methods. | criteria based analysis: analysis of statements made by suspect, realty monitoring: level of detail in description |
| strong forms of trace evidence | dna, fingerprint |
| Weak forms of trace evidence | handwritten analysis, striations on bullets, bitemarks |
| What is the CSI effect? | when crime TV shows make people think real-life crime investigations always use fancy science and technology to solve cases. |
| individual evidence | high probability of being linked to one unique source |
| class evidence | object has characteristic common to a group of similar objects |
| What is the purpose of a focus group? | designated to determine what evidence is a turning point in a case |
| What are the two stages of jury selection? | vanice: random sampling from population voir dire: identify those qualified to be jurors |
| What do trial consultants do to assist in jury selection? | jury selection, focus groups, trial strategy |
| Describe case conceptualization. | way for courts to understand why someone committed a crime, what’s going on in their life, and how to help them stop reoffending. |
| What juror and defendant characteristics influence jury decision making? | life experiences, education, criminal history, courtroom behavior, defendant characteristics |
| How do unanimous vs. majority verdicts influence juror deliberations? How about jury size? | unanimous: everyone must agree , longer discussions because they need to convince everyone. Majority: not everyone has to agree, Faster decisions—less pressure to reach total agreement. |
| How about jury size? | 12 jurors: more diversity 6 jurors: Easier to reach agreement, but less variety in viewpoints. |
| 1. Which personality disorders are associated with criminal behavior? | antisocial personality disorder: persuasive pattern or disregard for a violation of the rights of others |
| How can we assess risk? | unstructured clinical judgement:intuitive approach to predicting violence, Actuarial prediction:use statistical methods to evaluate risk,Guided professional judgement:combines clinical experience and intuition |
| unstructured clinical judgement weakness | bases on clinical beliefs, tends overpredict violence, generally does not take into account base rates of re-offense, typically no follow-up to provide feedback to clinician |
| Actuarial prediction weakness | may not generalized to he individual being evaluated,relies to heavily on statistic fator,does not typically account for protective factor. |
| Guided professional judgement weakness | subjected to clinicians biases |
| ` What are SVP laws? | allow for the civil commitment of individuals who have been convicted of certain sexual offenses and are deemed to pose a continued threat to public safety due to a mental abnormality or personality disorder |
| What are arguments in favor and against civil committment? | Protection of the individual and public safety, Treatment for those unable to seek it voluntarily its unreasonable to deprive individuals of their rights to fredom |
| What are risk factors for violent behaviors? | early family life, substance abuse, |
| What are risk factors for protective factors? | risk:Family problems,Low socioeconomic status, protective:Positive role models,Strong social networks |
| Understand historical | things that occured in one's past |
| risk management markers. | protective factors |
| dyadic | mood (attitudes, likely to change depending on situation |
| 1. What are the arguments for the use of the insanity defense? | mental illness is real, it's not fair to punish someone who didn't understand right from wrong, |
| What are the arguments against the use of the insanity defense? | individuals might try to fake the illness, hard to prove mental illness, dangerous individuals may go free |
| Durham case | person should not be found guilty if their crime was the result of a mental illness, Durham Rule: If a crime was caused by a mental disorder, the person should not be held responsible. |
| hickley case | reforms post case: mental disease or defect became severe mental disease or effect, burden of profit moved to the defense to prove insanity, expert witness can't state opinion or interference |
| alternatives to the insanity defense. | guilty but mentally ill:court recognizes they have a mental illness. Diminished Capacity at the time of crime, Competency to Stand Trial: |
| aggravating factors in death sentencing. | no remorse, extremely violent, multiple victims, child victims |
| mitigating factors in death sentencing. | remorse, 1st offense, intellectual disability, victim consent, victim participates in criminal conduct, self defense |
| Describe death penalty cases that evoked controversy. | troy davis:accused of killing a policeoff in Georgia, 7/9 witnesses who said he was guilty changed their stories,Gary Graham:convicted of killing a man during a robbery in Texas,testimony of 1 eyewitness who said she saw him from about 30 ft away at night |
| What are the conditions of death row? | minimum human contact. strict security, Years of waiting, Isolation, |
| What racial disparities exists in the death penalty? | black individuals are more likely to get the death penalty than white individuals |
| What errors have occurred in death penalty cases? | innocent people have been put to death, 68% of death sentences have been revoked due to serious errors |
| Does the death penalty deter murder? | no, states with death penalty have higher murder rates |
| What is the brutalization effect? | murder rates increase after highly publicized execution |
| Describe the types of imprisonment. | jails:short term,prisons:longterm,State prisons: breaking state laws,Federal prisons:breaking federal laws,Minimum Security: non-violent offenders,Maximum Security:violent offenders vry strict |
| What are the goals of imprisonment? | Containment,Deterrence,Retribution,Rehablitation |
| What evidence is there that there is racism in sentencing and imprisonment? | Harshest sentences for Latinos and black people ,males, and younger defendants,Less harsh for whites, females, and older defendants ,Young latino males have the highest odds of incarceration,Young black males receive the longest sentences |
| What are various prison alternatives? | Probation House arrest Residential community corrections centers |
Created by:
as12
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