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Victimology Final
CRJS 323 Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| In what year was the first National Crime Survey conducted? | 1966 |
| Victimology is the study of ______. | the etiology of victimization how the criminal justice system accommodates and assists victims consequences of victimization |
| Which of the following items were not a critical victimological development of the women’s movement? | Women used alcohol and drugs as self-medication techniques to deal with rape. |
| The cost of victimization may include ______. | monies spent to assist crime victims the cost of stolen or damaged property the costs of receiving treatment at the emergency room |
| Amir’s study was quite controversial. It was attacked for ______. | blaming victims, namely women |
| Who coined the term “victimology”? | Benjamin Mendelsohn |
| Which type of victim culpability suggests that an irresponsible act by a victim was taken advantage of by an offender? | victim facilitation |
| During the ______, victims were the focus of the justice system. | Middle Ages |
| ______ principle suggests that retribution is the key to justice. | Lex talionis |
| Which theorist suggested that victims and offenders needed to be considered in a dyad in order to fully understand victimization? | Hans von Hentig |
| Which principle suggests that the more one comes into contact with offenders, the more likely he is to be victimized? | principle of homogamy |
| Which answer best represents the typical criminal according to the Uniform Crime Reports? | young, White, male |
| What is the third element in the Routine Activities Theory: Motivated Offender, Suitable Target, and ______? | Capable Guardianship |
| Which theory suggests that someone with low self-control will commit criminal acts, which makes him or her more likely to be victimized? | a general theory of crime |
| Which two characteristics seem to deter people from committing crime and thus reduce likelihood of victimization as well? | marriage and employment |
| Which of the following is not one of the eight Part I index crimes? | simple assault |
| Which rule requires that only the most serious of offenses within an incident be reported to the Uniform Crime Reports? | hierarchy rule |
| Most victims are likely to live in what areas? | urban areas |
| Which theory of victimization suggests that our daily behaviors influence our vulnerability to victimization? | routine activities theory |
| Which theory suggests that the more distressed one is the more likely he or she could act in a way to provoke a victimization? | social interactionist perspective |
| What theory can explain why some drug dealers experience property victimization? | routine activities and lifestyles theory |
| Which researchers advanced the principle of homogamy? | Sampson and Lauritsen |
| Which theory suggests that victimization and offending is part of a broader cultural belief in the acceptability and sometimes necessity of violence? | subcultural theories |
| Which crime is not identified in the book as being a crime that involves a victim-offender overlap? | white-collar crime |
| Research shows that the victim-offender overlap does vary across neighborhoods, and this variation is connected to attachment to the ______ and degree of ______. | code of the streets; structural deprivation |
| What happens to one’s victimization risk the more enmeshed they are in deviant lifestyles during adolescence? | It decreases over time. |
| Which is not a key assumption of the general theory of crime? | Crime occurs in areas of high poverty. |
| Which is not an attribute of low self-control? | It differs between males and females. |
| Which theoretical perspectives assert that victimization and offending are influenced by similar genetic factors that lead to an overlap between the two? | biosocial explanations |
| Prostitution courts and diversionary programs have emerged as a method to reduce what? | recidivism associated with sex work |
| Crime victims may experience productivity losses in which of the following areas? | school place of employment housework |
| Which type of self-blame occurs when one believes he can do something to avoid future victimization? | behavioral self-blame |
| Persons who experience trauma may display ______. | physical symptoms psychological symptoms behavioral symptoms |
| Vicarious victimization may occur when someone is traumatized by ______. | watching coverage of violent acts through media |
| ______ is the most common reason victims report for whey they did not report a crime to police. | Personal or private matter |
| Crime is most likely to be reported when ______. | the victim is injured |
| Victimization does appear to be linked to ______. | low self-esteem depression anxiety |
| For PTSD to be diagnosed, symptoms must be experienced for more than ______ and must cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other functional areas. | 1 month |
| Criminal acts perpetrated by ______ are more likely to result in injury. | nonstrangers |
| The ______ provides us with information on the number of deaths attributable to murder and negligent manslaughter. | UCR |
| According to the ______ theoretical explanation of recurring victimization, the way the victim and offender act during and after the victimization will determine whether another victimization occurs. | state dependence |
| Neighborhood-level risk factors that increase the likelihood of recurring victimization include all except which of the following? | cohesive neighborhood |
| Which type of victimization suggests that a person has been a victim of any crime more than once? | recurring victimization |
| Which type of victimization suggests that a crime will occur within a close proximity of where another crime occurred? | near-repeat victimization |
| Intimate partner violence, rape, ______, and property victimizations are all at high risk of recurring victimization. | assault |
| Which of the following options is not a type of demographic characteristic risk factor for recurring victimization? | low SES for property crime |
| The “flag” theoretical explanation of recurring victimization is consistent with which theory? | risk heterogeneity |
| Which type of victimization suggests that a person has been a victim of the same crime more than once? | repeat victimization |
| ______ suggests that recurring victimization occurs because of the quality or character of a victim. | Risk heterogeneity |
| One is at higher risk of recurring victimization if he is a victim of crime and ______. | has the seven-repeat allele of the DRD4 gene |
| Which state was the first to enact legislation for victims in 1979? | Wisconsin |
| Which of the following items is not covered by victim compensation? | property damage and loss |
| Which of the following is not a common victims’ right given by all the states? | victim case worker |
| Which is not listed as a right to notification? | notification of additional charges on the offender for other crimes |
| Which of the following is related to the right to protection? | may be fearful of the offender and/or the offender’s friends and family |
| Some states provide for accelerated dispositions for elderly, disabled, and child victims. This is related to what victims’ right? | right to a speedy trial |
| Which act called for the Attorney General to develop and implement guidelines for how officials should respond to victims and witnesses? | Federal Victim Witness Protection Act |
| Which act created the Office for Victims of Crime? | Victims of Crime Act |
| Which act required proceedings to be stated in a language understandable to a child? | Child Victims’ Bill of Rights |
| Which act included the Violence Against Women Act as well? | Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act |
| What type of homicides are accidental or unintentional killings? | excusable homicides |
| Which of the following is not a source of international homicide victimization data? | National Crime and Victimization Survey |
| Stand your ground laws and the castle doctrine are related to what type of homicide? | justifiable homicide |
| According to the UCR, which scenarios do not fall under justifiable homicides? | the killing of a felon by a private citizen during the court proceedings |
| Criminal homicide includes all of the following except ______. | attempted murder |
| What are the three elements of first-degree murder? | premeditation, deliberation, and malice |
| Which of the following is an example of implied malice? | leaving a child home alone due to unavailable childcare and the child dies from an accident |
| Ellen wakes up in the middle of the night to find her teenage daughter with a boy in her room. Without thinking, Ellen grabs a handgun from the hall closet, shoots, and kills the boy. This is an example of what kind of homicide? | second-degree murder |
| Using excessive force in self-defense is an example of what type of homicide? | voluntary manslaughter |
| Which data set provides case-specific information for each murder reported in the UCR? | Supplementary Homicide Reports |
| Which strategy of self-protection includes yelling and screaming to get away from the offender? | forceful verbal strategies |
| Which type of rape occurs when the offender uses or threatens to use force to achieve penetration? | forcible rape |
| Which type of rape occurs when someone has sex with a person under the legal age of consent, even if that person may have verbally consented to the act? | statutory rape |
| Which type of rape occurs when a victim is violated after self-induced alcohol or drug intoxication? | incapacitated rape |
| Some states also consider the difference in age between the offender and the victim in determining whether it is ______ rape. | statutory |
| When a perpetrator uses emotional or psychological tactics to sexually victimize an individual this is called ______. | sexual coercion |
| Which of the following is not a common reason victims may not label an act as rape? | don’t want parents to find out they are sexually active. |
| Which of the following is not a common reason why victims choose not to report sexual victimizations? | afraid of being prosecuted |
| ______ is the term used when a victim utilizes self-protective actions that match the offender’s level and/or type of force. | Parity hypothesis |
| Which type of rape occurs when a victim was deliberately given drugs or alcohol so the perpetrator could commit the act of rape? | drug- or alcohol-facilitated rape |
| Which type of intimate partner violence has power and control as its roots and often leads to serious physical injury? | intimate terrorism |
| Which of the following categories does not account for higher rates of stalking victimizations? | males |
| Which type of intimate partner violence is characterized by a conflict getting out of control? | situational couple violence/common couple violence |
| There have been laws prohibiting violence against wives since which century? | 1600s |
| Men who seriously physically injured their wives in the 1600s were dealt with by what parties? | vigilante groups |
| According to ______, men and women engage in the same amount of intimate partner violence. | Conflict Tactics Scale |
| Findings from the NCVS indicate that Black females are at a greater risk of experiencing IPV than are ______ females. | White |
| In same-sex intimate partner violence, victims may be harmed through ______ unique type of emotional abuse. | being “outed” by the perpetrator |
| What group has a higher rate of same-sex intimate partner violence? | homosexual men |
| Which type of victimization occurs when one engages in a course of unwanted actions and harassment that would cause a reasonable person to be fearful? | stalking |
| Which organization was the first to intervene on behalf of a mistreated child in 1875? | Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals |
| Shaken baby syndrome is thought to account for how many deaths per year? | 1,200–1,400 |
| Which organization developed after the 1875 child maltreatment case in which an organization not geared toward children had to represent the child? | New York Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children |
| The first juvenile court was implemented in Cook County, Illinois, in ______. | 1899 |
| In the 1940s and 1950s, ______ community brought attention back to the issue of child maltreatment. | medical community |
| Which type of child maltreatment occurs when a caretaker has failed to attend to a child’s basic needs? | neglect |
| ______ represents a crime that has gone unreported. | Dark figure of crime |
| Children in which age range have the highest rates of victimization? | birth to age 1 |
| Which group of caretakers is the most likely to perpetrate child maltreatment? | biological parents |
| When children live with a single parent who has a cohabitating partner, the likelihood that they will be maltreated increases by how much? | 10× |
| which tyoe of disability suggest an individual suffers from an intellectual impairment? | developmental disability |
| when mental health institutions are unable to retain patients for longer periods or at all, this is called _____. | deinstitutionalization |
| The ___ required that the National Crime Vicimization Survey collect information on the victimization of persons with dissabilities. | crime victims with disabilities awareness act of 1998 |
| The general population has a victimization rate of 20 per 1,000 people with disabilities have a crime rate of __. | 32 per1,000 |
| Individuals with cognitive disabilities are especially vulnerable to which crimes ? | burglary and simple assault |
| what percentage of women with disabilities is estimated to be raped or sexually assaulted in their lifetimes? | 80% |
| People with disabilities are most likely to be victimized by _____. | personal assistants/ health care providers |
| If caretakers are overwhelmed by caring for a person with disabilities, they may maltreat them. This behavior is explained by what model? | dependency-stress model |
| Some research suggests that police are unwilling to investigate crimes against people with disabilities because ______. | there is a perception that victims may be unreliable due to diminished capacities |
| People with mental illnesses are how many times more likely to be victims of violent crime. | 2.5× |
| A criminal act is considered school victimization when it occurs in all of the following EXCEPT ______. | in one’s neighborhood, but perpetrated by another student from school Feedback |
| The most common act of bullying students experienced was ______. | being made fun of |
| The most common type of victimization to occur in K–12 schools is ______. | Theft |
| Between July 1, 2014, and June 30, 2015, ______ students were victims of homicide. | 20 |
| What type of teacher is more likely to be victimized than other teachers? | special education teachers |
| Which group of teachers is most likely to be attacked? | elementary school teachers |
| Victimization rates are highest for those children who reside in households with annual incomes less than ______ at the highest rate. | $15,000 |
| Isolation and exclusion are examples of what type of bullying behavior? | indirect bullying |
| What percentage of children admitted skipping school because they felt unsafe? | 5% |
| Which type of bullying is experienced when one uses modern technological devices, such as cell phones and the Internet, to bully another student? | cyber bullying |
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