PSU Paleoanthropology Mid Term N. Vasey
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| Paleoanthropology definition | show 🗑
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| Hominoid | show 🗑
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| Hominid | show 🗑
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| show | member of the subfamily Homininae. Includes Pan, our extinct bipedal relatives, and ourselves.
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| show | member of the Tribe Hominini. Includes our extinct bipedal relatives and ourselves (no apes).
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| Miocene time frame | show 🗑
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| show | 5 mya to present.
Pliocene 5 - 1.8 mya;
Pleistocene 1.8 mya to present;
Holocene 10,000 kya to present;
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| Pliocene time frame | show 🗑
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| Pleistocene time frame | show 🗑
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| show | 10,000 kya to present
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| show | Lemurs, lorises, bushbabies, Tarsiers
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| Anthropoids | show 🗑
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| show | History of the Primates (1949);
Adaptive trends versus lists of traits - i.e., enlarged brain, convergent orbits, grasping extremities, reduced olfaction, long postnatal growth; Arboreal theory of primate origins
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| show | Tropical or subtropical distribution; Generalized limbs;
Prehensile hands and feet;
Dentitions and diet relatively unspecialized;
Heavy reliance on vision and large brain;
Protracted life history pattern;
Social groups common
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| Primate Limb Anatomy | show 🗑
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| Primate Sense Organs (1) | show 🗑
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| Primate Sense Organs (2) | show 🗑
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| show | Slow reproductive turnover;
Long gest./small litters;
Well-developed young;
Slow fetal/post-natal growth;
Sexual maturity comes late;
long life span;
Unique LH stages: adolesc., menop.;
Greater dependence on learned,flexible behavior
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| show | Eocene;
Prosimians;
Europe, North America, Asia, Africa;
Reliance on vision;
Living relatives are prosimian primates found in Asia, Africa, and Madagascar;
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| show | Post-orbital bar;
Broad snout;
Auditory bulla formed from petrosal bone;
Small incisors, big canines OR vice versa;
No large diastema;
Opposable hallux;
Nails;
Larger brain;
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| Humans as Primates Extension of Primate Characters | show 🗑
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| show | Genetically uniform species (80 - 90% variation);
Little sexual dimorphism (10-18%);
Complete reliance on material culture (e.g., tools);
Bipedal locomotion;
Reduced body hair;
No discrete estrus;
Speech, language, and culture;
whites
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| Humans as Primates Other Reproductive Traits | show 🗑
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| show | Branching diagram based on synapomorphies
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| Phylogenetic tree | show 🗑
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| Evolutionary Scenario | show 🗑
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| show | Traits shared by last common ancestor and all descendents
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| show | Novel traits acquired by lineage after branching event
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| Symplesiomorphies | show 🗑
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| show | Same evolutionary and developmental origin
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| Homoplasy | show 🗑
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| Monophyletic groups | show 🗑
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| Paraphyletic groups | show 🗑
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| Polyphyletic groups | show 🗑
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| show | Variation along continuum; Ancestral to derived state; Examine development of trait (ontogeny); Examine trait in related groups; Most common form likely primitive
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| Evolutionary Systematics | show 🗑
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| show | Willi Hennig; Cladograms; Classification reflects order of branching and distribution of certain characters; Synapomorphic characters only
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| show | Strepsirrhini; Haplorhini
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| Gradistic Primate suborders | show 🗑
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| show | Speciation progresses via small changes; Transformation slow; Speciation via allopatry (mainly); Most or all of geographic range; Gaps in fossil record may be artifacts
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| show | Speciation arises from rapid lineage splitting; Transformation is rapid; Small, isolated population (allopatric); New species enters stasis; Gaps in fossil record are real
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| show | Pleistocene had highly variable climate; Glacials, interstadials, and interglacials affect sea levels; Glaciers transform landscape (E.g. Messinian salinity crisis); Glacial dust (loess), glacial till, and varves (Used to reconstruct prehistoric time scal
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| Plio-Pleistocene Climates: Deep-Sea Cores | show 🗑
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| show | Reflects ice volume and ocean temperature; 18o accumulates in ocean in glacial periods; 16o accumulates in glaciers in glacial periods; Same principal applies to calcareous shells
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| show | 13c accumulates in ocean in warm phases; 12c accumulates in land plants in warm phases
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| show | Continental Drift-Formation of ocean gateways leads to cooling, Uplift/erosion of mtn ranges and plateaus leads to inequable climates over the earth (Himalayas/Tibetan Plateau);Changes in earth’s orbit around sun- eccentricity,tilt,precession of equinoxes
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| show | 5.3 MYA - Paleomagnetic data & Messinian salinity crisis
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| Base of Pleistocene | show 🗑
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| show | 900 KYA - Defined by glacial stratigraphy
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| Late Pleistocene | show 🗑
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| show | advances in glacial stratigraphy, oxygen-isotope, stratigraphy, geomagnetic polarity reversal stratigraphy, and radiometric dating
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| Effects of Climate on Hominin Evolution | show 🗑
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| show | Support; Protection; Movement; Mineral storage; Blood cell formation
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| Why Date Fossil Sites? | show 🗑
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| Relative dating | show 🗑
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| Relative Dating additional information | show 🗑
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| mesial (dentition) | show 🗑
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| show | towards the molars
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| show | inside (tongue side)
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| show | outside, touching the lips
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| buccal (dentition) | show 🗑
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| show | mesiolingual cusp of the maxillary molars
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| show | mesiobuccal cusp of the maxillary molars
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| show | distobuccal cusp of the maxillary molars
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| Hypocone | show 🗑
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| Protoconid | show 🗑
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| Metaconid | show 🗑
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| show | distobuccal cusp of the mandibular molars
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| show | distolingual cusp of the mandibular molars
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| Hypoconulid | show 🗑
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| show | vertebrae, sacrum, sternum, ribs
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| Appendicular Skeleton (postcranial) | show 🗑
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| Relative Dating + Chemistry measure | show 🗑
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| Relative Dating + Absolute Dating | show 🗑
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| show | Determines age of fossils, artifacts, or rocks in years before present (BP)
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| show | fossils
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| show | --> by bracketing the fossil: dating strata above and below
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| How do radiometric techniques work (in general)? | show 🗑
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| show | Carbon – 14 (14C); Potassium-Argon (K-Ar); Argon-Argon (40Ar-39Ar); Uranium Series (U-S); Fission Track; Thermoluminescence; Electron Spin Resonance
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| Carbon – 14 (14C) | show 🗑
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| show | Volcanic ash (tuff), igneous rock (lava); 100,000 BP to oldest rocks on earth; Use rock formed with none of daughter atoms present; Half life ~ 1.3 BY; Tephrostratigraphy
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| Uranium Series (U-S) | show 🗑
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| Fission Track | show 🗑
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| Thermoluminescence | show 🗑
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| show | tooth enamel, shells, coral; Electrons trapped by absorption of microwave radiation; Trapped electrons measured and divided by accumulation rate; 3000 BP – 300,000 BP
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| Three Non-Radiometric Techniques | show 🗑
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| Varves | show 🗑
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| show | Intensity and direction of Earth’s magnetic field causes polarity shifts; Signature detectable in ferromagnetic particles in volcanic rock and in alignment of fine, slow-settling sediments on ocean floor; Must be calibrated with absolute dates
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| Amino Acid Racemization can date what? and in what time frame? | show 🗑
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| show | Proteins break down after death and amino acids convert from one form, optical isomer (L), to another form, optical isomer (D); Sensitive to temperature, moisture, chemical contaminants; must calibrate
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| Catarrhine Traits | show 🗑
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| East Africa in the Miocene | show 🗑
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| Eurasia in the Miocene | show 🗑
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| Early Miocene Hominoids factoids | show 🗑
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| 6 members of the family Proconsulidae | show 🗑
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| show | Four species (Proconsul africanus, Proconsul heseloni, Proconsul major, Proconsul nyanzae); Frugivorous; Sexually dimorphic canines; Postcrania best known in P. heseloni and P. nyanzae; Type site: Koru, Kenya, 1933
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| show | No tail; No expanded ischial callosities; Distal humerus spool-shaped; Robust fibula; Thumb adapted for rotation and opposition
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| show | Intermembral index 85-90; Hand and foot proportions; Long, flexible vertebral column; Narrow rib cage; Pronograde posture
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| Dendropithecus macinnesi | show 🗑
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| Afropithecus turkanensis | show 🗑
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| show | From China and other parts of Asia; 3-4 kilos – smallest E. Miocene ape; Resembles Micropithecus from Africa; Gibbon-like in facial anatomy and sulcal patterns
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| show | Body size range 3.5 – 60 kilos; Tropical rain forest to open woodland; Niches of living OWM and apes; Frugivorous, folivorous, etc.; Arboreal, terrestrial, and suspensory; All catarrhine traits represented; Mosaic postcrania
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| Middle and Late Miocene Hominoids: where and when? | show 🗑
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| show | Hominidae (Homininae, Ponginae, Oreopithecinae); Griphopithecidae; Proconsulidae; Pliopithecidae; Incertae sedis
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| Dryopithecus | show 🗑
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| Ouranopithecus macedoniensis | show 🗑
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| Sahelanthropus | show 🗑
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| Sivapithecus | show 🗑
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| Gigantopithecus | show 🗑
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| show | Proconsulidae; Oreopithecinae; Italy; late Miocene 30 Kilos; Folivore with many unusual dental traits, e.g., centroconid; Highly suspensory with limb structure as in Great Apes - Parallelism?; Descendent of Nyanzapithecus?
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| Otavipithecus namibiensis | show 🗑
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| show | Griphopithecus (Pasalar, Turkey, 15 MYA, also Slovakia and Germany); Kenyapithecus wickeri (Fort Ternan, Kenya, 14-12 MYA); Equatorius africanus (Maboko Island, Tugen Hills, Kenya, 15 MYA)
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| Kenyapithecus wickeri | show 🗑
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| Equatorius africanus | show 🗑
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| Pliopithecus vindoboensis | show 🗑
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| Cranial Traits of Many Middle/Late Miocene Apes | show 🗑
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| show | more closely related to the ape-human lineage than to OWM; mostly large bodied; Most are probably not ancestors to any living form; One form shows facial features similar to the modern Orangutan, suggesting a phyletic link.
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| Are there homininis (tribe hominini) at miocene dated locales? | show 🗑
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| Proconsul species (4) | show 🗑
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| show | African forms (23-13 m.y.a.) - generalized, primitive hominoids from W. Kenya, Uganda, Namibia; European forms (mid-late Miocene)- researchers suggest. some forms are linked with the African ape/hominin clade;
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| Linking Miocene Apes to Modern Apes and Hominins: Geographical Groupings (Asian forms) | show 🗑
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| show | African apes more closely related to humans than to Pongo; Hylobates diverges 12-15 MYA (14 MYA by most rec. est.); Pongo diverges 10-12 MYA; African Apes diverge 5-6 MYA; By early Pliocene all known fossil hominoids are hominins (except Gigantopithecus)!
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| When did bipedal hominids appear in East Africa | show 🗑
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| show | ~ 4 MYA
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| When and for how long did Austrolopithecus and Homo coexist? | show 🗑
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| show | Magnesium-containing limestone (dolomite) and calcareous deposits; Dolomite goes into solution, forming caves; Ground water drops; Openings appear in surface; Talus cone forms (sediment and bone); Sediment calcifies forming cave breccia
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| Taung | show 🗑
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| Sterkfontein | show 🗑
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| show | South Africa; 1938; Cave breccia near Johannesburg; Robert Broom; Australopithecus robustus (TM 1517); Member 3 of Kromdraii B East Formation; Faunal date: 1-2 MYA; Early Acheulean/Developed Olduwan; Wooded environment & open grassland
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| show | S.A.; 1947; Limestone cavern in N. Transvaal Prov.; R. Dart; A. africanus; Members 3 and 4; Faunal date: 3.0-2.4 MYA; Bipedal; Bone accumulations by carnivore scavengers; Fluctuating climates: woodland, bush, savanna; later more open, drier climates
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| Swartkrans | show 🗑
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| Summary of South African Sites | show 🗑
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| East African Hominin-bearing Deposits | show 🗑
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| show | Orrorin tugensis*; Ardipithecus ramidus & Ar. kadabba; Australopithecus anamensis, A. afarensis, A. gahri*, A. boisei, A. aethiopicus; Kenyanthropus platyops*; (* = Species named since 1997)
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| Fossil Homininae (Tribe: incertae sedis) | show 🗑
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| Sahelanthropus tchadensis | show 🗑
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| show | A. afarensis?, Lothogam (Kenya), 5.6 MYA; Hominin teeth, Lake Baringo: Lukeino, Ngorora (Kenya), 5 MYA; A. anamensis, Kanapoi and Allia Bay (Kenya), 4.2-3.9 MYA; A. afarensis ?, Tabarin, Chemeron fm. (near Lake Baringo), 5 MYA;
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| Hominins > 4 MYA (cont.) | show 🗑
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| show | Kenya and Ethiopia; 1966 (F. Clark Howell, Y. Coppens, R. Leakey); Longest and best dated hominin-bearing sed.; 3-1 MYA; Most hominid fossils in: Shungura and Usno Formations (Omo), Koobi Fora Formation (NE L. Turk.), Nachakui Formation (W L. Turk.)
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| Shungura and Usno Formations | show 🗑
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| show | 1968; R. Leakey; 500 m, fluvial, lacustrine, deltaic; 8 members; 4-1.4 MYA (most hominids < 2 MYA); A. boisei, H. habilis, H. erectus
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| show | 1980s; A. Walker; 2.5 MYA -- A. aethiopicus (WT 17000); 1.6. Homo erectus (WT 15000); Stone tools older than 2 MYA
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| West Lake Turkana | show 🗑
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| Where was A. anamensis found? | show 🗑
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| show | Eastern shore shifted often; Closed/wet habitats for “robust” forms?; Open, dry bushy habitats & closed wet habitats for early; Homo; Some brief period of rain forest expansion
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| Middle Awash | show 🗑
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| Hadar Formation | show 🗑
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| Konso | show 🗑
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| Bouri Region, Middle Awash | show 🗑
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| Laetoli, Tanzania | show 🗑
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| Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania | show 🗑
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| Oldest Attributed Material | show 🗑
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| Bipedalism evidenced where and how and by what time period? | show 🗑
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| show | 2.5 MYA
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| Who are the “Robust” forms? | show 🗑
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| When and where was H. habilis contemporaneous with A. boisei? | show 🗑
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| What were most early hominin sites associated with? | show 🗑
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| show | True
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| show | Aramis
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| Where and when were Australopithecus anamensis deposits found? | show 🗑
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| show | Parallel tooth rows and canines with very long and robust roots.
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| show | Thick dental enamel, bucco-lingual expansion of molars, and a degree of post-canine megadontia (big teeth) not seen in Ardipithecus.
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| show | The tibia suggests that A. anamensis was bipedal due to the size and shape of proximal and distal articular surfaces which are more human-like than ape-like. The distal humerus has mosaic features.
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| From what deposits is Australopithecus afarensis mainly known? | show 🗑
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| show | Pelvic and femoral traits demonstrate that this species was bipedal, but in a different way than seen in humans.
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| What kind of sexual dimorphism does Australopithecus afarensis display? | show 🗑
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| show | Large dominant cusp on P3, large canine and incisors (not distinguishable on this cast), diastema, relatively parallel-sided tooth rows.
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| What are some of the Australopithecine features of the Australopithecus afarensis dentition? | show 🗑
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| show | Compound temporonuchal crest (in larger individuals), pronounced subnasal prognathism.
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| show | Large anterior dentition (especially central incisors) and weaker postorbital constriction compared to later “robust” forms.
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| show | It is dated between 3.0 and 2.5 mya by faunal correlation. The limestone caves in which it was found are not amenable to absolute radiometric dating methods as with all the other sites in South Africa.
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| 2. What are some features that led Raymond Dart to call the Taung child (Australopithecus africans) a hominid back in 1924? | show 🗑
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| show | A. africanus had more similar sized central and lateral incisors, larger cheek teeth, and no compound temporonuchal crest.
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| show | It is less prognathic.
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| When and where did Australopithecus robustus live, compared to A. africanus? | show 🗑
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| show | A. robustus had Smaller incisors and canines and larger cheek teeth (premolars and molars) with thicker enamel.
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| Name some cranial differences between A. robustus and A. africanus | show 🗑
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| What do the cranio-dental differences indicate about diet in A. robustus versus A. africanus? | show 🗑
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| show | Faunal correlation as with virtually all other South African cave sites.
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| show | small anterior teeth (incisors and canines) and large, flat cheek teeth (premolars and molars).
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| Are Australopithecus boisei canines integrated more into the incisor area or do they project as pointing, stabbing teeth as in other primates such as the Miocene apes and other living primates? | show 🗑
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| What function did the large, flat cheek teeth of Australopithecus boisei serve in terms of preparing food for digestion? | show 🗑
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| show | Sexual dimorphism. The smaller specimen may belong to a female and the larger to a male.
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| show | This East African robust australopithecine species dates back further in geological time than A. robustus from 1-2.4 mya.
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| show | Accentuated sagittal and nuchal crests, enormous cheek teeth, extremely broad face with flaring zygomatic arches (cheek bones), a larger temporal fossa and consequently more post-orbital constriction. Absence of a forehead.
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| What was the first skull found of a robust australopithecine? | show 🗑
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| show | Smaller incisors and canines and huge cheek teeth, flat face, and heavily pneumatized cranial bones.
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| What is the oldest known “robust” australopithecine? | show 🗑
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| How does A. aethiopicus compare to other robust australopithecines? | show 🗑
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| What are the similarities between A. aethiopicus and A. afarensis? | show 🗑
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| What are the implications of the mosaic anatomical arrangement of A. aethiopicus for reconstructing phylogeny? | show 🗑
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| When is Australopithecus gahri dated to? | show 🗑
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| show | It has a larger postcanine dentition than A. afarensis and also a large anterior dentition.
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| What does Australopithecus gahri lack compared to the robust australopithecenes? | show 🗑
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| How do the Australopithecus gahri limbs compare to A. afarensis? | show 🗑
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| What interpretation do the authors of the Science and Discovering Archaeology articles from lab 2 favor? | show 🗑
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| show | Homo
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| What does the carrying angle of the A. afarensis femora imply regarding action at the knee joint and the type of locomotion employed by these early hominids? | show 🗑
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| show | it is similar to other australopithecines (400-500 cc).
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| What other species is contemporaneous with Kenyanthropus platyops in East Africa? | show 🗑
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| Where was Sahelanthropus tchadensis found, and what is its age range? | show 🗑
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| show | Short, orthognathic face with slight subnasal prognathism, no diastema (i.e., no canine-honing complex).
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| What are some of the features of Sahelanthropus tchadensis that are more reminiscent of apes? | show 🗑
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| What does the provenance of Sahelanthropus tchadensis (far from the East African rift system in the Djurab Desert of northern Chad in 2002) imply about the distribution of hominins (or pre-hominins in Africa?) | show 🗑
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| show | External auditory meatus forms an elongated bony tube. Also, there is no auditory bulla.
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| show | Dental formula is 2 1 2 3. A premolar has been lost (P2)
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| Does a Macaque have an entepicondylar foramen? | show 🗑
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| show | humero-femoral proportions are subequal.
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| show | The male has a greatly enlarged canine, honing arrangement, and diastema relative to the female. Canines are used in threat displays and aggressive behavior in living, and presumably, in fossil primates.
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| show | Gorillas are extremely sexually dimorphic in body size, canine size, and other cranial features such as the sagittal and nuchal crests.
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| show | It is a sagittal crest. This crest expands the area for the attachment of chewing muscles.
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| show | Yes.
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| show | Aegyptopithecus had a tympanic ring.
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| Did Aegyptopithecus zeuxis have an entepicondylar foramen? What other group(s) also possess this anatomical arrangement? | show 🗑
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| show | Yes
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| show | Two (bicuspid premolars)
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| Describe the upper and lower molars of Proconsul heseloni | show 🗑
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| show | Although not visible on this material, the tympanic region is tubular in Proconsul as in living catarrhines, but unlike some fossil catarrhines such as Aegyptopithecus.
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| show | Yes. P. nyanzae is larger than P. heseloni.
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| Is size a good way to discriminate between species? | show 🗑
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| What other early Miocene ape weighed as much as Proconsul major (50 kilos)? | show 🗑
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| What living ape weighs about the same as Proconsul major (50 kilos)? | show 🗑
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| Does the relative width and length of the iliac blade of Proconsul nyanzae resemble Gorilla or Macaca? | show 🗑
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| show | P. nyanzae resembles Gorilla and other living hominoids and differs from monkeys in lacking ischial tuberosities.
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| How do you think these size of the iliac blade and lack of ischial tuberosities in Proconsul nyanzae affected body shape, locomotion and posture? | show 🗑
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| How does the face of Afropithecus turkanensis compare to that of Proconsul? | show 🗑
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| show | facial proportions are very similar in Aegyptopithecus and Afropithecus (e.g. small frontal, long snout, etc.) suggesting that either these primitive features were retained since the Oligocene or that these two genera are part of the same phyletic lineage
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| Examine the crests on the molars of Dendropithecus macinnessi, [early Miocene ape (family Proconsulidae) from East Africa] What do you think they indicate about this animal’s diet? | show 🗑
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| show | The long slender forelimb bones indicate this ape engaged in suspension as well as quadrupedalism. In fact, Limnopithecus was the most suspensory of the early Miocene hominoids.
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| Compare the skulls of Sivapithecus, Pongo, and Pan and examine the maxillary casts of Sivapithecus. Which living ape resembles Sivapthecus more? | show 🗑
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| What are some of the similarities between Sivapithecus, Pongo, and Pan? (e.g., in the anterior dentition, eye region, facial profile). | show 🗑
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| How does the Otavipithecus nimibiensis mandible and dentition differ from most other middle Miocene hominoids (e.g. Sivapithecus)? | show 🗑
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| What type of diet did Otavipithecus nimibiensis ate? | show 🗑
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| What was the largest primate that ever lived with body size estimates ranging from 150 to 300 kg? | show 🗑
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| show | yes.
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| show | It is relatively thicker and deeper. Their overall dental and mandibular anatomy indicates a diet of hard fibrous material.
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| Do you think Gigantopithecus blacki was arboreal or terrestrial? | show 🗑
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| show | Maybe.
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