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test 1 anthropology
Anthropology test #1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Anthropological Perspective | The approach to social research that seeks to understand culture from the point of view of the people within that cultural context. |
| Anthropology | the holistic study of humankind |
| applied anthropology | branch of anthropology in which practitioners use anthropology in the service of particular social concerns |
| archaeology | the study of material artifacts to understand a people's culture and society, usually in the past |
| cultural anthropology | the description, interpretation, and analysis of similarities and differences in human cultures |
| Cultural other | a term used to refer to the subjective experience of difference at the cultural level; identifying "us/me" and "them/you" through cultural symbols and markers. |
| ethnoarchaeology | an approach to archaeology that combines the analysis of material life with information taken from contemporary populations. |
| ethnographic fieldwork | anthropology's hallmark research method, base upon the anthropologist's direct experience in a culture. |
| ethnographic interviews | purposeful, documentation conversation with research participants that may be formal or informal |
| ethnography | a rich description and analysis of a culture that includes the anthropologist's experience of "being there" |
| excavation | a rigorous method of extracting artifacts from underground; the primary data collection method of archaeologists |
| focus groups | a type of interview in which small groups of people are asked to discuss a particular topics while the anthropologist takes notes. |
| "go native" | an expression referring to a phenomenon in which an anthropologist fully affiliates with the culture being studied |
| holistic understanding | the view that all parts of human life are interconnected. |
| life history | an interview or series of interviews that document the trajectory of a single life |
| linguistics | the subfield of anthropology devoted to the study of language |
| mapping | diagramming geographical space or human interpretation and use of space |
| mound builders | a native american group known for their burial mounds |
| participation observation | an approach to research that combines participation and observation in various ways to optimize understanding of the culture being studied. |
| physical anthropology | the study of human anatomy, nonhuman primates and human origin |
| primatology | the study of nonhuman primates |
| qualitative research methods | interpretive approaches that use participant observation, interviews, document analysis, and other methods to understand the nature and meaning of phenomena |
| quantitative research methods | measurement based approach that relies mathematics, statistics, and hypotheses for producing and interpreting data |
| rapid ethnographic assessment features | the time compressed use of focus groups, ethnographic interviews, mapping, and other methods within a framework of participant observation. |
| rapport | a relationship of conversational ease with individuals or groups |
| survey | a standardized set of questions applied to numerous individuals or places |
| armchair anthropologists | early anthropologists who gathered datd from travelogues and books rather than from their own direct research |
| cultural relativism | the view that cultural practices and beliefs are best understood in relation to their entire context |
| cultural superiority | the belief that one culture in more enlightened , advanced, civilized, or intelligent than another |
| culture | the total way of life of a group of people that is learned, adaptive, shared and integrated |
| epistemological relativism | the belief that the validity of knowledge itself is limited to the context in which it was produced |
| ethnocentrism | the use of one's own culture to measure another's, putting one's own culture at the center of interpretation and typically devaluing the other culture. |
| historical particularism | an early anthropological theory that argues that each culture is a unique representation of its history and context |
| monogenesis | the view that all humans originate from a single creation of God |
| moral relativism | the idea that something is only right or wrong according to context-specific criteria |
| polygenesis | the theory that various groups of humans appear on earth of were created separately. |
| racism | the belief that humans are organized into race groupings that are different from one another in intelligence and worth |
| tacit ethnocentrism | the assumption that one's own way of life is just normal, not cultural |
| unilinear cultural evolution | an early anthropological theory that states all cultures evolve from simple to complex along a single trajectory of progress |
| xenophobia | an intense, irrational dislike of people from other countries or cultures |
| code switching | the practice of keeping particular forms of speech separate in one's life, using one in one setting and another in another setting |
| creole | type of language formed when speakers of different languages combine their languages |
| descriptive linguistics | the study of specific features of individual languages, such as patterns of grammar and sounds, as they exist in a given moment in time |
| design feature | an element that is common to all languages |
| diachronic | studies that focus on change over time |
| dialect | distinct but mutually intelligible forms of a single language |
| ethnosemantics | the study of the culturally and linguistically specific ways people make sense of the world |
| grammar | the rules that people use to organize their speech |
| historical linguistics | the study of how languages develop and change over time and how different languages are related to one another |
| kinesics | body language |
| language | a system of verbal and nonverbal symbols used to communicate |
| language family | a group of languages that derive from a common ancestor language |
| language hierarchy | the system by which some languages or dialects have ranked political, economic, or social status |
| language theory | an explanation of the general nature of language |
| lexicon | all the morphemes of a particular language |
| linguistic morphology | the patterns and structures of words in a language |
| linguistic nationalism | the use of language to promote nationalist ideologies |
| morphemes | units of language that carry meaning |
| official language | language sanctioned by a ruling body |
| paralanguage | certain qualities applied to particular words, such as volume tone or emphasis |
| philology | the study of societies through their texts |
| phonemes | the sounds available in any particular language |
| phonemics | the study of specific structures and sounds humans use in language |
| phonetics | the study of all possible structures and sounds humans use in language |
| phonology | the study of language sounds, including phonemics and phonetics |
| pidgin | language formed when speakers in a multicultural context use a simplified form of one language as a common language among the groups |
| protolanguage | the ancient language from which all the members of a particular language family are derived |
| regional dialect | an accent and word choice related to geography |
| social dialect | a way of speaking connected to class |
| social register | a way of speaking related to a specific setting such as a sporting event, institution of higher learning, or religious community |
| sociolinguistics | the study of how language is used by people in a society |
| structuralism | a theory of language that says all languages share an underlying binary structure |
| symbol | something that stand for something else |
| synchronic | studies that focus on a given moment in time |
| syntax | the order in which morphemes appear |
| agriculture | a subsistence system that requires constant and intensive use of permanent fields for plant cultivation |
| articulation | the strategic use of several modes of subsistence at the same time |
| balanced reciprocity | a form of exchange in which roughly equivalent good or services are exchanged immediately, or within a relatively short amount of time, with or without money |
| biomass | all living things, plants and animals, contained in and supported by a particular area of land |
| economic anthropology | the study of how people meet needs through production, exchange and consumption |
| ethnocide | the death of a culture when its members shift to a different way of life, even as the people groups survive |
| exchange systems | social processes by which people give and receive goods and services |
| extensive farming | farming practices that involve putting relatively little energy into the land for the calories extracted |
| fissioning | splitting a group into numerous smaller groups. a practice used by foragers to maintain group size and reduce interpersonal conflict |
| foraging | a subsistence strategy based on gathering plants that grow wild in the environment and hunting available animals |
| formalist theory | an economic theory that teaches that the logic people use to pursue economic goals is universal |
| generalized reciprocity | a form of exchange involving gift exchanges with no precise accounting of value and no precise expectation for type or time of return |
| genocide | the systematic killing of most members of a cult |
| horticulture | a subsistence strategy in which people cultivate varieties of wild or domestic crops, primarily for their won use, using relatively little technology |
| intensive farming | agriculture or horticulture techniques that directly replenish the nutrients in the soil, producing higher crop yields |
| leveling mechanism | a redistribution process that reduces social inequality |
| market economy | a system of exchange in which people exchange their labor for money, which is exchanged for goods and services |
| monocropping | growing one species of a plant in a garden or field |
| multicropping | growing several species of plants in a single garden |
| negative reciprocity | a form of exchange in which one or both parties seek to receive more than they give |
| nomadic pastoralism | a form of pastoralism that involves moving animals from place to place in responce to food and water supply |
| pastoralism | a subsistence strategy based on the use of domestic herd animals |
| potlach | a form of redistribution and exchange traditionally practices by Northwest Native American groups |
| production | any human action intended to convert resources in the environment into food |
| property rights | the cultural understanding that some family or person has a right to the land and crops into which labor has been invested |
| redistribution | a system of exchange in which a centralized authority collects goods and service from a group of people and redistributes them |
| subsistence farming | growing food for consumption by ones own family |
| subsistence strategy | a culturally created means of getting food |
| substantivist theory | an economic theory that teaches that economic behavior and motivations vary by culture |
| swidden farming | the clearing and burning of a section of forest for cultivation, and after some time, moving on to a new forest space |
| transumant pastoralism | the practice of moving herds seasonally between high meadows in the summer and human settlements in the winter |
| usufruct rights | an understanding of property rights in which a plot of land "belongs" to the person of family using it. when they are done using it their rights to that land end. |
| cultural ecology | an anthropological theory that teaches that culture can be understood in terms of how people adapt to and interact with natural environment |
| cultural marxism | a postmodern theory that draws on Carl Marx's concepts of power, inequality and class struggle to understand culture change |
| cultural materialism | a theory that understands culture as driven by the material, ecological, and economic adaptations humans make |
| cultural traits | cultural artifacts or activities |
| diffusionism | an early anthropological theory that stating that cultural traits spread from more advanced to less advanced societies |
| falsification | the view that scientific theories cannot be proven, only falsified |
| feminist theory | highlights the importance of gender as an analytic concept and the importance of including women in cultural analysis |
| functionalism | culture develops in response to human needs |
| historical particularism | argues that each culture is a unique representation of its history and context |
| idiographic explanation | a rich description of a particular case |
| naturalism | a belief that all that exists is that which can be touches, seen or otherwise physically experienced |
| nomothic explanation | a generalization, a natural law that predicts and explains culture change and human behavior |
| positivism | seeking universal, nomothic explanation through empirical evidence |
| reflexivity | the inclusion of the anthropologist's perspective and experience in ethnographic writing |
| sociobiology | culture is rooted in the human drive for evolutionary advantage and genetic survival |
| structural-functionalism | the functions of particular beliefs or behaviors may be understood in the support of social order |
| structuralism | human biology, specifically brain structure, drives culture |
Created by:
ncronk
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