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If your not sure what answer should be entered, press the space bar and the next missing letter will be displayed. When you are all done, you should look back over all your answers and review the ones in red. These ones in red are the ones which you needed help on. Question: definitionAnswer: Interdisciplinary to the study of hominids. (narrowed definition) Question: HominoidAnswer: Member of the Superfamily Hominoidea. Includes all apes (living and fossil), our extinct bipedal relatives, and . Question: Answer: member of the Hominidae. Includes the living great apes (Pongo, Gorilla and Pan), our extinct bipedal relatives, and ourselves. Question: Answer: member of the subfamily Homininae. Includes Pan, our bipedal relatives, and ourselves. Question: Hominins Answer: member of the Tribe Hominini. Includes our extinct relatives and ourselves (no apes). Question: time frameAnswer: 23 mya – 5 Question: Plio-Pleistocene time Answer: 5 mya to present.
Pliocene 5 - 1.8 mya;
Pleistocene 1.8 mya to present;
10,000 kya to present; Question: Pliocene time Answer: 5 - 1.8 Question: Pleistocene time Answer: 1.8 mya to Question: Holocene time Answer: 10,000 kya to Question: Answer: , lorises, bushbabies, Tarsiers Question: AnthropoidsAnswer: New World monkeys, Old World monkeys, Apes, Question: W. E. Le Gros Answer: History of the Primates (1949);
Adaptive trends versus lists of traits - i.e., enlarged , convergent orbits, grasping extremities, reduced olfaction, long postnatal growth; Arboreal theory of primate origins Question: Primate Answer: Tropical or subtropical distribution; Generalized limbs;
Prehensile and feet;
Dentitions and diet relatively unspecialized;
Heavy reliance on vision and large brain;
Protracted life history pattern;
Social groups common Question: Primate Limb Answer: Retain clavicle;
Retain five fingers and toes;
Prehensile extremities for grasping branches;
Nails, tactile pads, and dermatoglyphs;
Divergent hallux and pollex;
Hindlimb ;
Tarsi-fulcrumation & long heel bone; Question: Sense Organs (1)Answer: Visual sense emphasized, olfaction reduced;
Eyes large relative to skull length;
Post-orbital bar;
Stereoscopic vision and color vision:
Orbital convergence --> binocular vision /Fibers passing to tectum balanced Question: Sense Organs (2)Answer: Petrosal auditory bulla;
Large brain with unique sulcal patterns;
Brain large at all stages of ; Question: Primate Life TraitsAnswer: Slow reproductive turnover;
Long gest./small ;
Well-developed young;
Slow fetal/post-natal growth;
Sexual maturity comes late;
long life span;
Unique LH stages: adolesc., menop.;
Greater dependence on learned,flexible behavior Question: outlineAnswer: ;
Prosimians;
Europe, North America, Asia, Africa;
Reliance on vision;
Living relatives are prosimian primates found in Asia, Africa, and Madagascar; Question: Euriprimates' Primate traits in the record
Answer: Post-orbital bar;
Broad snout;
Auditory bulla formed from petrosal bone;
Small incisors, big OR vice versa;
No large diastema;
Opposable hallux;
Nails;
Larger brain; Question: as Primates
Extension of Primate CharactersAnswer: Pan-global distribution;
Specializations of the hand;
No highly specialized ;
Brain reorganization and enlargement;
Drawn-out life history pattern;
adolescence, menopause; Question: Humans as Largely unique TraitsAnswer: Genetically uniform species (80 - 90% variation);
Little dimorphism (10-18%);
Complete reliance on material culture (e.g., tools);
Bipedal locomotion;
Reduced body hair;
No discrete estrus;
Speech, language, and culture;
whites Question: Humans as Primates
Other Reproductive Answer: Suppressed yolk-sac in placentation;
Early descent of scrotum into post- penial scrotum;
No uro-genital sinus; Question: CladogramAnswer: Branching diagram on synapomorphies Question: Phylogenetic Answer: Ancestor-descendent relationships; Time Question: Evolutionary Answer: Evolutionary history; Narrative interpretation; Includes evolutionary forces at work that character states; Adaptation Question: Answer: Traits shared by last common ancestor and all Question: AutopomorphiesAnswer: Novel traits acquired by lineage after branching Question: SymplesiomorphiesAnswer: Ancestral traits that in lineage prior to splitting event Question: HomologousAnswer: Same evolutionary and origin Question: HomoplasyAnswer: not due to inheritance from common ancestor; Parallel evolution; Convergent evolution; Analogy Question: Monophyletic Answer: LCA and all descendents; Built on synapomorphies; Contain sister groups Question: Paraphyletic Answer: Use of symplesiomorphies; Contains common but not ALL descendents Question: Polyphyletic Answer: Use of convergent Question: Character Answer: Variation along continuum; Ancestral to derived state; Examine development of trait (ontogeny); Examine trait in related groups; Most common form likely Question: Evolutionary Answer: Gaylord Simpson; Phylogenetic trees; Classification reflects more than branching; Divergence; Ancestor-descendent relationships; Synapomorphic and automorphic characters important Question: /phylogenetic systematicsAnswer: Willi Hennig; Cladograms; Classification order of branching and distribution of certain characters; Synapomorphic characters only Question: Cladistic subordersAnswer: ; Haplorhini Question: Gradistic subordersAnswer: Prosimia; Question: gradualism (anagenesis)Answer: Speciation progresses via small changes; slow; Speciation via allopatry (mainly); Most or all of geographic range; Gaps in fossil record may be artifacts Question: Punctuated Answer: Speciation arises from rapid lineage splitting; Transformation is rapid; Small, isolated population (allopatric); New species enters stasis; Gaps in record are real Question: Plio-Pleistocene : Glacial StratigraphyAnswer: Pleistocene had highly variable climate; Glacials, interstadials, and interglacials affect sea levels; Glaciers transform landscape (E.g. Messinian salinity crisis); Glacial dust (loess), glacial till, and (Used to reconstruct prehistoric time scal Question: Plio-Pleistocene Climates: Deep-Sea Answer: Deep sea sedimentation is continuous; Oxygen-isotope analysis (18o/16o); Carbon analysis; Question: -isotope analysisAnswer: Reflects ice volume and ocean temperature; 18o accumulates in ocean in periods; 16o accumulates in glaciers in glacial periods; Same principal applies to calcareous shells Question: Carbon isotope Answer: 13c accumulates in ocean in warm phases; 12c accumulates in land in warm phases Question: Causes of ChangeAnswer: Continental Drift-Formation of ocean gateways leads to cooling, Uplift/erosion of mtn ranges and plateaus leads to inequable climates over the earth (Himalayas/Tibetan Plateau);Changes in earth’s orbit sun- eccentricity,tilt,precession of equinoxes Question: Base of Answer: 5.3 MYA - Paleomagnetic data & Messinian salinity Question: Base of Answer: 1.8 MYA - Originally via fossil molluscs Question: PleistoceneAnswer: 900 KYA - by glacial stratigraphy Question: Late Answer: 127 KYA - by glacial stratigraphy Question: Plio-Pleistocene time scales refined Answer: advances in glacial stratigraphy, oxygen-isotope, stratigraphy, geomagnetic reversal stratigraphy, and radiometric dating Question: Effects of on Hominin EvolutionAnswer: Transitional ecological zones in Africa?; Fringe Environment Model; Climatic Forcing ; Red Queen Model; Variability Selection; Pattern of hominin evolution result of both climatic and intra- and inter- specific competition Question: Basic of BoneAnswer: Support; Protection; ; Mineral storage; Blood cell formation Question: Why Date Fossil ?Answer: Species age, duration, and phylogeny; Track change: biotic and abiotic factors; Track origins of and culture change in human evolution; Track change in species assemblages, environments, and hominid behavior in tandem with each other Question: datingAnswer: Puts fossils and artifacts into context with other locally associated faunal, floral, and archaeological material Question: Dating additional informationAnswer: Developed before absolute dating; Order fossils or artifacts in temporal sequence relative to each other; Law of Superposition; Objects found in same stratigraphic are contemporaneous; Faunal correlation and Land Mammal Ages
Question: (dentition)Answer: the incisors Question: (dentition)Answer: the molars Question: (dentition)Answer: (tongue side) Question: (dentition)Answer: , touching the lips Question: (dentition)Answer: , touching the cheeks Question: ProtoconeAnswer: mesiolingual cusp of the maxillary Question: ParaconeAnswer: mesiobuccal cusp of the molars Question: MetaconeAnswer: distobuccal cusp of the molars Question: HypoconeAnswer: cusp of the maxillary molars Question: Answer: mesiobuccal cusp of the mandibular Question: Answer: mesiolingual cusp of the molars Question: Answer: distobuccal cusp of the molars Question: EntoconidAnswer: distolingual cusp of the molars Question: HypoconulidAnswer: distal cusp of the mandibular , centered betweed the Hypoconid and the Entoconid Question: Axial (postcranial)Answer: vertebrae, , sternum, ribs Question: Skeleton (postcranial)Answer: limbs and girdles (scapulae, clavicles, ...) Question: Relative + Chemistry measureAnswer: Measure nitrogen, flourine, and uranium concentrations in bones found in same ; Nitrogen content decreases with time; Fluoroapatite increases with time; Both tests are site-specific Question: Relative + Absolute DatingAnswer: Identify well-known fossil lineages (Horses, Suidae, Bovidae); Determine which species from the lineage are associated with hominids; Compare those species to similar from other sites which have absolute dates Question: What can dating do?Answer: Determines age of , artifacts, or rocks in years before present (BP) Question: Absolute Dating: Radiometric Techniques - Most date associated with what?Answer: fossils Question: How does dating date fossils?Answer: --> by the fossil: dating strata above and below Question: How do radiometric techniques work (in )?Answer: Atoms of radioactive elements (isotopes) decay at known, constant rate into stable isotopes (can be of another element); Age of rock determined with ratio of Parent to Daughter atoms and half life; use rock formed with none of Daughter atoms present Question: Seven Radiometric Answer: Carbon – 14 (14C); -Argon (K-Ar); Argon-Argon (40Ar-39Ar); Uranium Series (U-S); Fission Track; Thermoluminescence; Electron Spin Resonance Question: – 14 (14C)Answer: Can date any once-living carbon containing materials; Wood, charcoal, bone, shell, peat; 200 – 50,000 years BP (max. 70 KYA); 14C in carbon dioxide enter plants through photosynthesis or root absorption and are passed on to feeding animals Question: Potassium-Argon (K-Ar) and/or -Argon (40Ar-39Ar)Answer: Volcanic ash (tuff), igneous rock (lava); 100,000 BP to oldest rocks on earth; Use rock formed with none of daughter present; Half life ~ 1.3 BY; Tephrostratigraphy Question: Uranium (U-S)Answer: Chemically or biologically precipitated calcium formation; Travertine, speleothems, shell, coral; 150,000-350,000 BP; 230Th-234U, thorium-uranium; 231Pa-235U, protactinium-uranium; 234U-238U, uranium-uranium Question: TrackAnswer: Naturally formed glass and volcanic minerals such as micas, apatite, and zircon; rocks of all ages, Pottery containing mineral crystals; fired obsidian; count damage-tracks formed by spontaneous fission of nucleus in 238U - i.e. tracks/unit volume Question: Answer: Pottery, glass, bones, shells, minerals heated by fires (flint, quartz tools); Electrons trapped in lattice of crystals after irradiation event (firing, exposure to sunlight). electrons measured and divided by accumulation rate. Question: Electron Spin Answer: tooth enamel, shells, coral; Electrons trapped by absorption of radiation; Trapped electrons measured and divided by accumulation rate; 3000 BP – 300,000 BP Question: Three Non-Radiometric Answer: Non-radiometric Techniques
Varves; Paleomagnetic stratigraphy; acid racemization Question: VarvesAnswer: Date items contained in their sediment; Less than 80,000 BP (trace retreat of Last Glaciation in waning phase); band made of two subbands laid down annually in quiet glacier-fed lakes; Coarse and fine particles form subbands Question: Paleomagnetic Answer: Intensity and direction of Earth’s magnetic field causes polarity shifts; Signature detectable in ferromagnetic particles in volcanic rock and in alignment of fine, slow-settling sediments on ocean ; Must be calibrated with absolute dates Question: Acid Racemization can date what?
and in what time frame?Answer: Fossil bone, mollusk shells, ostrich eggs in deep sea or deep, sealed caves; Up to 1 MY or more; Question: How does Acid Racemization work?Answer: Proteins break down death and amino acids convert from one form, optical isomer (L), to another form, optical isomer (D); Sensitive to temperature, moisture, chemical contaminants; must calibrate Question: TraitsAnswer: Catarrhine nostrils; Dental formula 2.1.2.3; Fronto-sphenoid contact; Tubular tympanic (EAM); Ischial callosities; No entepicondylar Question: East Africa in the Answer: East African Rift System; Kisingiri and Tinderet Volcanos; Many lowland forest in early Miocene; Drier, more open habitats in middle Miocene Question: Eurasia in the Answer: Mountain-building in ; Tethys Sea recedes circa 20 MYA; Faunal exchange between Africa and Eurasia by middle Miocene; Seasonal environments & open country woodland more and more common by middle and late Miocene Question: Early Miocene Hominoids Answer: ~23/24-16.5 MYA; Africa, but also in Asia; Proconsulidae (and Oreopithecidae); Main sites in East Africa: Koru, Rusinga Island, Mfwangano Island, and Songor in Kenya; other sites in Uganda Question: 6 members of the ProconsulidaeAnswer: Proconsul; Rangwapithecus; Limnopithecus; Dendropithecus; ; Dionyspithecus Question: (Genus) factsAnswer: Four species (Proconsul africanus, Proconsul heseloni, Proconsul major, Proconsul ); Frugivorous; Sexually dimorphic canines; Postcrania best known in P. heseloni and P. nyanzae; Type site: Koru, Kenya, 1933 Question: Proconsul postcrania - features with living hominoidsAnswer: No tail; No ischial callosities; Distal humerus spool-shaped; Robust fibula; Thumb adapted for rotation and opposition Question: Proconsul postcrania - Features with living OWMAnswer: Intermembral 85-90; Hand and foot proportions; Long, flexible vertebral column; Narrow rib cage; Pronograde posture Question: Dendropithecus Answer: 9 kilos; Frugivory and folivory; Quadrupedal and suspensory (long, slender ); Canine dimorphism Question: Afropithecus Answer: 50 kilos; enamel -- Hard seed eater?; Postcrania as in Proconsul; Phylogenetic relationships uncertain (Retention of primitive features for 14 MY; End member of lineage from Oligocene Affinities to middle Miocene apes) Question: DionysopithecusAnswer: From China and other parts of Asia; 3-4 kilos – smallest E. Miocene ape; Resembles Micropithecus from Africa; -like in facial anatomy and sulcal patterns Question: : Early MioceneAnswer: Body size range 3.5 – 60 kilos; Tropical rain forest to open woodland; Niches of living OWM and apes; , folivorous, etc.; Arboreal, terrestrial, and suspensory; All catarrhine traits represented; Mosaic postcrania Question: and Late Miocene Hominoids: where and when?Answer: Africa, Europe, and Asia; Middle Miocene, 16.5-10 MYA; Late Miocene, 10-5 Question: 5 Middle and Late Miocene Hominoid Answer: Hominidae (Homininae, Ponginae, Oreopithecinae); ; Proconsulidae; Pliopithecidae; Incertae sedis Question: Answer: Homininae; Europe(St. Gaudens); Mid-late Mio; 1st desc. over 150 YA; 15-45 kilos, some sexually dimorphic; – broad, round molar cusps; Thin enamel, gracile canines/mandible; Shares many cranial and post-c features w/living great apes; orthograde Question: macedoniensisAnswer: Hominidae; Homininae, Greece, Turkey, 9-10 MYA; 110 Kilos; Woodland, savannah habitat; Extremely molar enamel; Hard, gritty diet (nuts, tubers); Shares many cranial features with the living Great Apes Question: SahelanthropusAnswer: Hominidae; Homininae; : incertae sedis; Chad, 7MYA Question: Answer: Proconsulidae; Ponginae; of India and Pakistan; 13-8 MYA (paleomag & fauna); 40-90 Kilos; Thick enamel - hard fruits, nuts, bark; Skull resembles orangutan (e.g., incisive foramen); Quadrupedal Question: GigantopithecusAnswer: Proconsulidae; Ponginae; late Miocene (India and Pakistan); Pleistocene (China and Vietnam); Largest primate ever, 190-225 Kilos; enamel, deep mandibles; Hard, fibrous foods; Terrestrial Question: Oreopithecus Answer: Proconsulidae; Oreopithecinae; Italy; late Miocene 30 Kilos; Folivore with many unusual dental traits, e.g., centroconid; Highly suspensory with limb as in Great Apes - Parallelism?; Descendent of Nyanzapithecus? Question: Otavipithecus Answer: Proconsulidae; Afropithecinae; Otavi Mountains, Namibia; 13 MYA (faunal date); 14-20 kg; Fauna attest humid climate; Thin and reduced/no cingula; Non-abrasive foods (berries, soft food) Question: Griphopithecidae --> Griphopithecinae (3 )Answer: Griphopithecus (Pasalar, , 15 MYA, also Slovakia and Germany); Kenyapithecus wickeri (Fort Ternan, Kenya, 14-12 MYA); Equatorius africanus (Maboko Island, Tugen Hills, Kenya, 15 MYA) Question: Kenyapithecus Answer: Griphopithecidae; Griphopithecinae; Fort Ternan and Maboko Island (?); Kenya; 14-12 MYA; Drier, more open woodland habitat; Broad, shallow, robust mandible with thick enamel on , reduced canines (more resistant foods); Semi-terrestrial adaptations Question: Equatorius Answer: Griphopithecidae; Griphopithecinae; Tugen Hills and Maboko Island (?); Kenya; 15 MYA; Crania associated w/partial skeleton; 27 kg; to E. Miocene Proconsul in many respects, but unique in others Question: vindoboensisAnswer: Pliopithecidae; Czech Republic; middle to late Miocene; 6-15 kilos; Frugi-folivory; Skull similar to gibbon, more primitive; Suspensory locomotion (IM index 94); Late member of early catarrhine radiation preceding of OWM and apes Question: Traits of Many Middle/Late Miocene ApesAnswer: Thick-enameled molars; Low rounded cusps (bunodont); Low-crowned, robust canines; Deep, robust mandibles & symphyses; Laterally flaring zygomatic arches; Shorter mandibles and premaxillae; M1 larger than Question: Middle to Late Miocene Hominoids Answer: more closely related to the ape-human lineage than to OWM; mostly large bodied; Most are probably not ancestors to any living form; One form shows facial similar to the modern Orangutan, suggesting a phyletic link. Question: Are there homininis (tribe hominini) at miocene locales?Answer: No hominins from miocene dated locales, but some recently discovered fossils MAY be hominins. Question: species (4)Answer: Proconsul africanus; Proconsul heseloni; Proconsul ; Proconsul nyanzae Question: Linking Miocene Apes to Modern Apes and : Miocene Hominoid Geographical Groupings (African forms)Answer: African forms (23-13 m.y.a.) - generalized, primitive hominoids from W. Kenya, Uganda, Namibia; European forms (mid-late Miocene)- researchers suggest. some forms are linked with the African ape/hominin ; Question: Linking Miocene Apes to Modern Apes and Hominins: Geographical Groupings (Asian )Answer: Asian forms (16.5-7 m.y.a.) - lrgst and most varied group geographically; persists till Pleistocene. Question: Linking Miocene Apes to Modern Apes and : Molecular DataAnswer: African apes more closely related to humans than to Pongo; Hylobates diverges 12-15 MYA (14 MYA by most rec. est.); diverges 10-12 MYA; African Apes diverge 5-6 MYA; By early Pliocene all known fossil hominoids are hominins (except Gigantopithecus)! Question: When did hominids appear in East AfricaAnswer: ~ 5.8 Question: When did bipedal hominids appear in South Answer: ~ 4 Question: When and for how long did Austrolopithecus and Homo ?Answer: > 1 MY (~ 2.4-1.2 MYA) Question: Depositional Environment of South African Cave Answer: Magnesium-containing limestone (dolomite) and calcareous deposits; Dolomite goes into solution, forming caves; water drops; Openings appear in surface; Talus cone forms (sediment and bone); Sediment calcifies forming cave breccia Question: TaungAnswer: South Africa; 1924; Limeworks site in Western Cape Province; Raymond Dart, Univ. Witswatersrand; Australopithecus africanus; Faunal date: 2.0-2.5 MYA; ; Bone accumulations by large birds of prey Question: SterkfonteinAnswer: South Africa; 1936; Cave breccia near Johannesburg; Robert Broom, Transvaal Museum; Australopithecus africanus (e.g., Sts 5); Member 2 (3.3 MYA), 4 (~2.5 MYA), and 5 (~1.5 MYA); Southern Africa’s earliest stone tools; Riparian forest to open Question: Answer: South Africa; 1938; Cave breccia near Johannesburg; Robert Broom; Australopithecus robustus (TM 1517); 3 of Kromdraii B East Formation; Faunal date: 1-2 MYA; Early Acheulean/Developed Olduwan; Wooded environment & open grassland Question: Answer: S.A.; 1947; Limestone cavern in N. Transvaal Prov.; R. Dart; A. africanus; Members 3 and 4; Faunal date: 3.0-2.4 MYA; Bipedal; Bone accumulations by carnivore scavengers; Fluctuating climates: woodland, bush, savanna; later more open, drier Question: SwartkransAnswer: S.A.; 1948; Cave breccia near Jo'burg; Robert Broom, John Robinson, CK Brain; A. robustus; Members 1*, 2*, and 3(fire!); Thermolum. date: 1.0-1.8 MYA; Grassland & riv. woodland savanna; Accumulations by big cats; *Co-occurr. of A. and Homo Question: Summary of African SitesAnswer: A. africanus assoc. with climes and thick veg; 3-2 MYA trans. to dryer climes and spread of grasslnd, > seasonality; A. africanus rep. by A. robustus; > 2.5 MYA - Taung, Makapansgat, Sterk. (ms. 2&4); < 2.5 MYA – Swart, Kromdraii, Sterk. (m. 5) Question: East African Hominin-bearing Answer: Ethiopia: Omo*, Middle Awash* (Hadar); Kenya: Lake Turkana*, Lake Baringo; Tanzania: Laetoli, Olduvai*; Chad: Bahr el Ghazal & Toros- Menalla in Djurab Desert *= both Austro. and Question: Early Hominini Species in East Answer: Orrorin tugensis*; Ardipithecus ramidus & Ar. ; Australopithecus anamensis, A. afarensis, A. gahri*, A. boisei, A. aethiopicus; Kenyanthropus platyops*; (* = Species named since 1997) Question: Fossil Homininae (Tribe: sedis)Answer: Sahelanthropus tchadensis (Chad), 6-7 MYA; tugensis, Tugen Hills (Kenya), ~ 6 MYA Question: Sahelanthropus Answer: Earliest member of hominini clade?; Mixture of primitive and derived traits; shows that hominins (or pre- hominins) were widespread Question: Hominins > 4 Answer: A. afarensis?, Lothogam (Kenya), 5.6 MYA; teeth, Lake Baringo: Lukeino, Ngorora (Kenya), 5 MYA; A. anamensis, Kanapoi and Allia Bay (Kenya), 4.2-3.9 MYA; A. afarensis ?, Tabarin, Chemeron fm. (near Lake Baringo), 5 MYA; Question: > 4 MYA (cont.)Answer: Ardipithecus ramidus & Ar. kadabba, Aramis (Ethiopia), 4.4 & 5.8 MYA; A. afarensis ?, (S. Ethiopia), 4 MYA Question: Omo Group: Northern BasinAnswer: Kenya and Ethiopia; 1966 (F. Clark Howell, Y. Coppens, R. Leakey); Longest and best dated hominin-bearing sed.; 3-1 MYA; Most hominid fossils in: Shungura and Usno (Omo), Koobi Fora Formation (NE L. Turk.), Nachakui Formation (W L. Turk.) Question: and Usno FormationsAnswer: 700m, fluv./lacus./deltaic; 11 mem. sep. by ash ; 3MYA–A. afarensis; 2.7-1.4MYA–Early H. and A. afaren.; 2.7-1.5MYA–A. aethiopicus/A. boisei; 1.5MYA - H. erec.; 2.4-2.3MYA-1st stone tools; lake, dry woods or sav. trans. to drier habitat by 2.3MYA Question: Fora FormationAnswer: 1968; R. Leakey; 500 m, fluvial, lacustrine, deltaic; 8 members; 4-1.4 MYA (most < 2 MYA); A. boisei, H. habilis, H. erectus Question: Nachakui (WLT)Answer: 1980s; A. Walker; 2.5 MYA -- A. aethiopicus (WT 17000); 1.6. Homo erectus (WT 15000); Stone tools than 2 MYA Question: West Lake Answer: 1999; Meave Leakey, Louise Leakey; 3.5 MYA – platyops; Contemporaneous with A. afarensis Question: was A. anamensis found?Answer: Kanapoi (West Lake Turkana) and Allia Bay (East Lake Turkana), Kenya, 4.2-3.9 Question: Lake PaleoenvironmentAnswer: Eastern shore shifted often; Closed/wet habitats for “robust” forms?; Open, dry habitats & closed wet habitats for early; Homo; Some brief period of rain forest expansion Question: AwashAnswer: Afar Depression badlands; Aramis, Behlodehlie, Maka, , and Hadar; D. Johansen and T. White; Most early hominin material is A. afarensis; Ardipithecus ramidus material described in depth at last! Question: FormationAnswer: 1970s, 90s; Lucy (A.L. 288-1)-3.2 MYA; 1st (A.L. 333)-3.2 MYA; Great size disparity in sample; First skull of A. afarensis found in '94; 3.4-2.9 MYA brackets all hominids; Lake surrounded by marshland with later trans. to more open habitats Question: Answer: 1991; A. boisei and H. erectus; Oldest firmly dated Acheulean tools; 1.4 MYA; Dry Question: Region, Middle AwashAnswer: 1999; T. White and colleagues; 2.5 MYA -- A. ; Tool use? Question: , TanzaniaAnswer: 1974-1979; Mary Leakey; 3.76--3.46 MYA - A. type; 1978--3.6 MYA - trackway of hominid footprints; Semiarid with grassland savanna, scattered bushes, no waterbound fauna Question: Olduvai Gorge, Answer: 1930s,50s–tools and hom'd. teeth; 1.7-1.8 MYA - “Zinj.” boisei and H. habilis (B1&2); 1.2 MYA– H. (B2&4); Bed1 – semiarid with wooded areas, fossils found in swampy lake margins; Bed 2– faulting reduces lake size, plains-dwelling anmls arrive Question: Oldest Attributed Answer: Middle Awash (Ethiopia); 5.8 MYA, Ardipithecus kadabba; Aramis (Ethiopia); 4.4 MYA, ramidus; Lothogam (SE Lake Turkana); 5.6 MYA, A. afarensis (or A. anamensis?) Question: evidenced where and how and by what time period?Answer: Kanapoi, Allia Bay (Kenya), Middle Awash (Ethiopia, Maka femur); By 4 MYA biped. had ; Supported by Laetoli footprints – 3.6 MYA; A. afarensis or A. anamensis; Aramis (Ethiopia– Ardipithecus ramidus)?; Tugen Hills (Kenya– Orrorin tugensis)? Question: When do forms appear by?Answer: 2.5 Question: Who are the “Robust” ?Answer: A. aethiopicus, A. boisei, A. Question: When and where was H. habilis contemporaneous with A. ?Answer: Omo, 2.4-1.4 MYA; Lake , 2.0-1.5 MYA; Olduvai Gorge, 1.8-1.2 MYA Question: What were most early hominin associated with?Answer: A source Question: Early hominins widespread from to East Africa, true or false?Answer: Question: Which is the only site that seems to have been a woodland environment?Answer: Aramis Question: Where and when were Australopithecus anamensis found?Answer: A. anamensis was found in deposits 4.2-3.9 mya at two sites in -- Kanapoi and Allia Bay. Question: What are some more primitive, ape-like features of the Australopithecus mandible?Answer: Parallel tooth rows and canines with very long and robust . Question: What are some of the on the mandible that make A. anamensis a hominid?Answer: Thick dental enamel, bucco-lingual expansion of molars, and a degree of post-canine (big teeth) not seen in Ardipithecus. Question: Examine the postcranial fragments (drawings, photos, cast of distal humerus) and compare them with the human and chimpanzee material. Who does A. anamensis resemble more, a human or a ?Answer: The tibia suggests that A. anamensis was bipedal due to the size and of proximal and distal articular surfaces which are more human-like than ape-like. The distal humerus has mosaic features. Question: From what is Australopithecus afarensis mainly known?Answer: A. afarensis is known mainly from 3-4 mya at Laetoli in Tanzania and at Hadar in Ethiopia, in addition to other sites. Question: What traits demonstrate that afarensis was bipedal?Answer: Pelvic and femoral traits demonstrate that this was bipedal, but in a different way than seen in humans. Question: What kind of dimorphism does Australopithecus afarensis display?Answer: There is little sexual dimorphism in terms of canine size, compared to great apes, but enormous dimorphism in body size compared to modern humans. Question: What are some or ape-like features of the Australopithecus afarensis dentition and mandible?Answer: Large dominant cusp on P3, canine and incisors (not distinguishable on this cast), diastema, relatively parallel-sided tooth rows. Question: What are some of the Australopithecine features of the Australopithecus afarensis ?Answer: Post-canine megadontia, low molar cusps, and no complex for C/P3. Question: What are some primitive or ape-like features of the Australopithecus dentition, maxilla, and cranium?Answer: temporonuchal crest (in larger individuals), pronounced subnasal prognathism. Question: What are some of the Australopithecine features of Australopithecus afarensis?Answer: Large anterior dentition (especially incisors) and weaker postorbital constriction compared to later “robust” forms. Question: How was the child (Australopithecus africanus) dated?Answer: It is dated between 3.0 and 2.5 mya by faunal correlation. The limestone caves in which it was found are not amenable to absolute radiometric dating methods as with all the sites in South Africa. Question: 2. What are some features that led Raymond Dart to call the child (Australopithecus africans) a hominid back in 1924?Answer: Rel. to apes, it has a long narrow skull, no browridges, circ. eye orbits, red. facial prognathism, sm. , no diastema, parabolic dental arch, forward position of the f. magnum. Brain is large rel. to apes, but with ape-like sulcal patterns. Question: How does the A. africanus from Sterkfontein (STS 5 or “Mrs. Ples” based on the original name that Robert Broom first gave it – Plesianthropus transvaalensis) compare to A. afarensis?Answer: A. africanus had more similar sized central and lateral incisors, larger teeth, and no compound temporonuchal crest. Question: How else does the face between A. africanus and A. afarensis?Answer: It is less . Question: When and did Australopithecus robustus live, compared to A. africanus?Answer: A. robustus lived 1-2 mya in drier, more open habitats (Swartkrans) than A. . The two species are thought to be similar in body size, but differ in many cranio-dental features. Question: Name some dental differences between A. robustus and A. Answer: A. robustus had Smaller incisors and canines and larger cheek teeth (premolars and molars) with enamel. Question: Name some cranial between A. robustus and A. africanusAnswer: A. robustus had Larger fossa, anterior pillars, and sagittal crest, all of which relate to large chewing forces. Also, the face is placed high relative to the neurocranium, the forehead is flatter, and the face is flatter (less prognathic). Question: What do the cranio-dental differences indicate about diet in A. robustus versus A. ?Answer: A diet of tougher vegetation, such as seeds and nuts, required more powerful chewing. Question: How was A. dated?Answer: Faunal correlation as with all other South African cave sites. Question: What size are the anterior teeth and cheeck teeth of boisei?Answer: small anterior teeth (incisors and ) and large, flat cheek teeth (premolars and molars). Question: Are Australopithecus canines integrated more into the incisor area or do they project as pointing, stabbing teeth as in other primates such as the Miocene apes and other living primates?Answer: The canines are integrated with the incisor area having reduction in size to accommodate the expansion of the cheek teeth. Question: What did the large, flat cheek teeth of Australopithecus boisei serve in terms of preparing food for digestion?Answer: Along with thick enamel, large flat cheek teeth in A. offer crushing and grinding surfaces. Question: What do you is responsible for overall size differences in the two Australopithecus boisei mandibles seen in lab?Answer: Sexual dimorphism. The smaller may belong to a female and the larger to a male. Question: What is the age of the Australopithecus boisei specimen from the Koobi Fora Formation, East Lake Turkana in Kenya, to A. robustus?Answer: This East robust australopithecine species dates back further in geological time than A. robustus from 1-2.4 mya. Question: Name some cranio-dental features that are more pronounced in A. than in A. robustus, but along the same evolutionary trajectory.Answer: Accentuated sagittal and nuchal crests, enormous cheek teeth, extremely broad face with flaring zygomatic arches (cheek ), a larger temporal fossa and consequently more post-orbital constriction. Absence of a forehead. Question: What was the first skull found of a australopithecine?Answer: Australopithecus boisei – disc. by Mary Leakey in 1959 at Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania and named Zinjanthropus boisei. Later renamed to reflect a relationship to the S. African australopithecines and those later discovered in East Africa. Question: What are some of the cranio-dental that led to distinguishing Australopithecus boisei from gracile forms such as A. africanus?Answer: Smaller incisors and canines and huge cheek teeth, flat face, and heavily cranial bones. Question: What is the oldest known australopithecine?Answer: The Australopithecus aethiopicus specimen (the “Black Skull”) is the oldest known found in deposits dating to 2.5 mya. The relatively small braincase and large attachment areas for the chewing muscles have produced a compound temporonuchal . Question: How does A. aethiopicus to other robust australopithecines?Answer: It is the most species in cranio-dental anatomy. Question: What are the between A. aethiopicus and A. afarensis?Answer: Extensive of temporal bone; large anterior tooth row; flat, shallow and prognathic palate; and a maxillary dental arch that converges posteriorly. Question: What are the implications of the anatomical arrangement of A. aethiopicus for reconstructing phylogeny?Answer: Hypotheses five and six accommodate the new information provided by KNM-WT 17000 but there is still no complete agreement australopithecine phylogeny. Question: When is Australopithecus gahri to?Answer: A. gahri is a newly named species of australopithecine to 2.5. mya. Question: How does Australopithecus gahri compare to A. ?Answer: It has a larger postcanine dentition than A. afarensis and also a anterior dentition. Question: What does gahri lack compared to the robust australopithecenes?Answer: It lacks the derived craniodental features of the robust australopithecine lineage, such as heavy of the cranium. Question: How do the Australopithecus gahri limbs compare to A. ?Answer: While the limb was lengthened (relative to A. afarensis), the upper limb was evidently still quite long, as in apes and A. afarensis. Question: What interpretation do the authors of the Science and Discovering Archaeology articles from lab 2 ?Answer: A. gahri may have given rise to the Homo lineage with the robust australopithecine developing simultaneously and separately. Question: Does the carrying angle of the A. afarensis resemble Pan or Homo more?Answer: Homo Question: What does the carrying angle of the A. afarensis femora imply regarding action at the knee and the type of locomotion employed by these early hominids?Answer: The carrying is high indicating bipedal locomotion. Question: What is the cranial capacity of Kenyanthropus ?Answer: it is similar to other (400-500 cc). Question: What other species is contemporaneous with platyops in East Africa?Answer: Australopithecus Question: was Sahelanthropus tchadensis found, and what is its age range?Answer: far from the E. rift system in the Djurab Desert of northern Chad in 2002. It is associated with fauna indicating an age of 6-7 MYA. The team of scientists that discovered this fossil consider it the earliest hominin. Question: What are some features that link Sahelanthropus tchadensis with ?Answer: Short, orthognathic face with slight subnasal prognathism, no (i.e., no canine-honing complex). Question: What are some of the of Sahelanthropus tchadensis that are more reminiscent of apes?Answer: Massive brow ridges, small endocranial capacity (320-380 cc), compound crest, molar enamel intermediate with chimps and australopiths. Question: What does the provenance of Sahelanthropus tchadensis (far from the East African rift in the Djurab Desert of northern Chad in 2002) imply about the distribution of hominins (or pre-hominins in Africa?)Answer: They were more widespread than known. Perhaps the earliest phases of hominin evolution were not restricted to east Africa… Question: Describe features of a Macaque's region.Answer: External auditory meatus forms an elongated bony tube. Also, is no auditory bulla. Question: What is a 's dental formula?Answer: Dental is 2 1 2 3. A premolar has been lost (P2) Question: Does a Macaque have an foramen?Answer: No Question: What are the proportions of a Macaque's and femur like?Answer: humero-femoral proportions are . Question: How do Baboon canines differ the sexes in size, shape and function?Answer: The male has a greatly enlarged canine, honing arrangement, and diastema relative to the female. Canines are used in threat displays and aggressive in living, and presumably, in fossil primates. Question: Are sexually dimorphic? If so, in what ways?Answer: Gorillas are extremely sexually dimorphic in body size, size, and other cranial features such as the sagittal and nuchal crests. Question: What is that on top of the male gorilla's head and what is it good for?Answer: It is a sagittal crest. This crest expands the area for the attachment of muscles. Question: Does zeuxis have a postorbital closure?Answer: Yes. Question: Did have an external auditory meatus created by a tympanic ring (as in New World monkeys) or a bony tube (as in extant Old World anthropoids)?Answer: had a tympanic ring. Question: Did Aegyptopithecus have an entepicondylar foramen? What other group(s) also possess this anatomical arrangement?Answer: Yes. New monkeys and prosimians. Question: Did heseloni have a C/P3 honing complex?Answer: Yes Question: How many cusps did Proconsul have on P3 and P4?Answer: Two (bicuspid ) Question: Describe the and lower molars of Proconsul heseloniAnswer: Upper molars are with a large hypocone (disto-lingual). Lower molars have five prism-like cusps with a large hypoconulid (distal). Question: What is the Proconsul 's tympanic region like?Answer: Although not visible on this material, the region is tubular in Proconsul as in living catarrhines, but unlike some fossil catarrhines such as Aegyptopithecus. Question: Compare the madible of P. nyanzae to P. . Do you think they are separate species?Answer: Yes. P. is larger than P. heseloni. Question: Is size a good way to between species?Answer: Only if it can be demonstrated that sexual dimorphism is not responsible for body size differences. Body size in fossil species may not be the same in living species. Question: What early Miocene ape weighed as much as Proconsul major (50 kilos)?Answer: turkanensis. Question: What living ape weighs the same as Proconsul major (50 kilos)?Answer: A . Question: Does the relative width and length of the iliac blade of nyanzae resemble Gorilla or Macaca?Answer: The relative width and length are more like a macaque. The iliac blade is and long relative to Gorilla. Question: Does the ischial callosities of the Proconsul nyanzae fossil resemble or Macaca?Answer: P. nyanzae resembles Gorilla and living hominoids and differs from monkeys in lacking ischial tuberosities. Question: How do you think these size of the iliac blade and lack of tuberosities in Proconsul nyanzae affected body shape, locomotion and posture?Answer: Proconsul had a narrow torso similar to monkeys and was more quadrupedal. Question: How does the face of Afropithecus turkanensis to that of Proconsul?Answer: Relative to Proconsul, Afropithecus has orbits, a wide inter-orbital region, and a long snout. Question: How does the face of Afropithecus turkanensis compare to that of Aegyptopithecus from deposits of Oligocene age?Answer: facial proportions are very in Aegyptopithecus and Afropithecus (e.g. small frontal, long snout, etc.) suggesting that either these primitive features were retained since the Oligocene or that these two genera are part of the same phyletic lineage Question: Examine the crests on the of Dendropithecus macinnessi, [early Miocene ape (family Proconsulidae) from East Africa] What do you think they indicate about this animal’s diet?Answer: The crests that this ape fed on leaves as well as fruit. Question: Compared the long, slender humerus of Limnopithecus to the macaque’s, a quadrupedual monkey. What do you the form of this bone indicates about posture and locomotion in Limnopithecus?Answer: The long slender forelimb bones indicate this ape engaged in suspension as well as quadrupedalism. In fact, Limnopithecus was the most of the early Miocene hominoids. Question: Compare the skulls of Sivapithecus, , and Pan and examine the maxillary casts of Sivapithecus. Which living ape resembles Sivapthecus more?Answer: Pongo. Sivapithecus and Pongo are more closely to each other than either one is to Proconsul or any other African ape. There is a firmly established phylogenetic relationship between this middle Miocene ape and Pongo. Question: What are some of the between Sivapithecus, Pongo, and Pan? (e.g., in the anterior dentition, eye region, facial profile).Answer: deep and widely flaring zygomatic process; marked prognathism; short upper face; interorbital distance;relatively large first incisor compared to the second incisor; overall shape of eye orbits and facial profile. Question: How does the Otavipithecus nimibiensis mandible and dentition differ from most other middle Miocene (e.g. Sivapithecus)?Answer: Otavipithecus has relatively jaws, thin enamel, and minimal differential wear gradient from M1 to M3. Question: What type of diet did nimibiensis ate?Answer: Non-abrasive, softer foods that did not require extensive preparation by incisors prior to chewing. The incisors of Otavipithecus are small. Question: What was the primate that ever lived with body size estimates ranging from 150 to 300 kg?Answer: Gigantopithecus Question: Did blacki have thickly enameled teeth?Answer: yes. Question: How does the mandible of Gigantopithecus blacki compare with that of ?Answer: It is relatively thicker and . Their overall dental and mandibular anatomy indicates a diet of hard fibrous material. Question: Do you think Gigantopithecus blacki was arboreal or ?Answer: Given its size, it is likely that Gigantopithecus was terrestrial Question: Could Gigantopithecus blacki be Big Foot (aka the )?Answer: Maybe. |
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