animal tech 4 review for test 1
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| Fluid administration is necessary when an animal is | dehydrated, during surgery, blood loss, shock,has a dz resulting in a animals depletion of normal fluid,electrolyte, and acid-base balance
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| The total volume of fluid required to treat an animal can be approximated by | fluid needed to rehydrate, fluid needed for maintenance, and fluid needed to correct on-going losses
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| One pound of water is equivalent to | 1 pint or 480 mls
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| The body is made up of what % of water | 60%
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| the body weight of water is divided into what two groups | intracellular fluids and extracellular fluids
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| what are intracellular fluids and how much of body water do they account for | inside the cell; account for 2/3 of body h2o
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| what are extracellular fluids and how much of body water do they account for | outside the cells ; account for 1/3 of body h2o
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| What are the two types of extracellular fluids | vascular and interstitial
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| vascular space is what | plasma
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| what is interstitial space | in the tissue spaces between blood vessels and cells
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| WHat is diffusion | movement of solutes from high solute concentration to an area of low solute concentration to have equilization
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| Is diffusion passive process or active process | passive
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| What is active transport | movement of solutes from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration
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| Is active transport passive or active process | active process and requires energy
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| What is osmosis | movement of FLUID from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration, until balance is maintained
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| IS osmosis acitve or passive process | passive process
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| What is the difference between hydrostatic and osmotic pressure | hydrostatic pushes fluid out, osmotic pressure pulls fluid in
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| What is osmotic pressure also called | oncotic pull
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| what is osmotic pressure | colloids are large molecular weight particles present in a solution. proteins in the plasma contribute to the colloid osmotic pressure. more protein in the plasma holds the fluid in the vessels
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| What is the most important organ for fluid balance | kidney
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| what does the kidney do for fluid balance | conserve or excrete fluid
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| if the kidneys are conserving fluid what will the urine be | concentrated
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| if the kidneys are excreting fluid what will the urine be | dilute
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| what are th purpose of the hormones for the body to maintain fluid balance | hormones signal the kidneys to conseve or excrete fluid
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| Which of the following is used to monitor fluid therapy a) appetite b) bowel movements c)temperature d) urine output | d) urine output
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| What part of the eye can be used to indicate fluid overload? | conjunctiva
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| What is hyponatremia | decrease of sodium in the blood
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| what is hypernatremia | increase of sodium in the blood
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| WHat is hyperkalemia | increase in potassium in the blood
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| What is hypocalcemia | decrease in calcium in the blood
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| what is hypercalcemia | increase in calcium in the blood
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| When do animals become hypokalemic | V/D, or increase urine outputs
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| WHat causes hyperkalemia | can be caused by decreased urine output or Addison's dz
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| What can cause hyponatremia | renal failure, vomiting, diarrhea, congestive heart failure, addisons dz, or fluid overload
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| Is hypernatremia common | no , but can be caused by inadvertant over-feeding of salt
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| What is eclampsia | a syndrome including convulsions and coma occuring n animals soon after birth of the young
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| Dz of which gland can cause elevated calcium | parathyroid
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| How do electrolytes help regulate the acid-base balance in the body | by maintaining the hydrogen ion concentrations in bodily fluids, particularly in extracellular fluids
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| An electrolyte that releases a hydrogen ion in water is called | acid
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| When an elctrolyte binds a hydrogen ion in water is called a | base
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| Arterial blood pH less that 7.35 is called what | Acidemia
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| Arterial blood pH greater that 7.45 is called what | Alkalemia
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| postive ions are called | cations
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| negative ions are called | anions
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| What are the primary ions in the body | sodium potassium, chloride, phosphate,and bicarbonate
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| What electrolyte imbalance is most likely to be found in a cat with total urethral obstruction. A) Hyperkalemia B)Hypokalemia C) Hyponatremia D) Hypercalcemia | A) Hyperkalemia
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| Maintenance of pH in this range is essential to survival and depends on 3 major mechanisms in the body what are they | Chemical buffers, respiratory system and renal system
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| What is the response of chemical buffers | immediate process
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| OF chemical buffers, respiratory systme , or renal system which one is the longest out of the three | renal system
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| What is metabolic acidosis | producing too much acid or hanging on to them for to long
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| what is metabolic alkalosis | increase loss of acids
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| What is respiratory acidosis | increases the co2 in blood, hypoventalation→ build up of co2,impaired gas exchange in lungs
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| What is respiratory alkalosis | decrease the co2 in blood, hyperventalation-decrease co2 in the lungs
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| WHat are the 3 goals of fluid therapy | maintenance, replace deficits, and replace ongoing losses
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| WHat are sensible losses | roughly the equilvalent of urine output, they are measurable, considered part of the daily requirements
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| what are insensible losses | immeasurable losses, lossed via GI Tract and respiratory tract
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| How much water does it take to maintain the body's functions | 60 ml/kg/day
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| What are some abnormal or accelerated loss of fluids | high environmental temperature, physical activity, fever, hemmorhage, polyuria,diarrhea,vomiting, and hyperventilation
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| Normal CRT is what | 1-2 seconds
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| what is a normal heart rate for an unstressed dog | 60-120 beats/min
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| what is a normal heart rate for an unstresses cat | 100-200 beats/min
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| What is the most common artery to get a pulse | femoral
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| What are the four things mentioned in our notes that help assess perfusion status | CRT, HR, Weight, & BP
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| What clinical signs are seen with less than 5% dehydration | no clinical signs
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| If an animal is 5-6% dehydrated it is condsidered what | mild dehydration
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| What are the clinical signs seen with 5-6% dehydration | SKIN= slightly doughy, inelastic consistency
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| If an animal is moderate dehydrated what percent is it | 6-8%
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| What types of clinical signs are seen with moderate dehydration | SKIN=inelastic, EYES= duller than normal and slightly sunken into orbit, MM= tacky to dry
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| IF the animal is 10-12% dehydrated it is considered what | Severe dehydration
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| What are the clinical signs of severe dehydration | SKIN= no elasticity, EYES=dry,deeply sunken, MM=dry,cyanotic, and possibly cold, CRT= prolonged or absent, HR=increased, PULSE=weak
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| If a patient is 12-15% dehydrated the patient is in what state | SHOCK, and death is imminent
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| WHat is the normal PCV for a dog | 37-55%
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| What is the normal PCV for a cat | 24-45%
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| THe higher the value of PCV indicates what | The higher the degree of dehydration
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| What is the normal total protein for a dog | 5.4-7.6 g/dl
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| WHat is the normal total protein for a cat | 6.0-8.1 g/dl
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| The higher the value of TP indicates what | THe higher degree of dehydration
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| What is the normal SG for a dog | 1.025 (1.001-1.060)
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| What is the normal SG for a cat | 1.030 (1.001-1.080)
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| Specific gravity only reflects dehydration if what organs are healthy | kidneys
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| Normal urine production is | 1-2 mls/kg/hr
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| IN general how long are sub q fluids absorbed | 6-8 hours
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| Which type of fluids are admininstered Sub Q | Isotonic
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| IV fluids are administered if dogs and cats are at what percent dehydrated | 7%
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| WHat is the basic reydration formula | %dehydrated in decimal form x body weight (kg) x 1000 = mls to rehydrate
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| The amount of deficit is given over how long to prevent fluid overload | 24 hours or longer
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| Contradictions for aggressive fluid thereapy are | cerebral edema, pulmonary contusions, conjestive heart failure
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| What is the drip rate formula | vol of fluid(mls/day or mls/hr) x drip set divided by time in sec
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| What are the most common fluid administration set | macro drip sets which administer 1ml of fluid in 10,15, or 20 drops
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| What is a microdrip set | they administer 1 ml of fluid in 60 tiny drops
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| What weight group are microdrips usually used for | anything under 10kg
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