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Fluid Therapy AT4
animal tech 4 review for test 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Fluid administration is necessary when an animal is | dehydrated, during surgery, blood loss, shock,has a dz resulting in a animals depletion of normal fluid,electrolyte, and acid-base balance |
| The total volume of fluid required to treat an animal can be approximated by | fluid needed to rehydrate, fluid needed for maintenance, and fluid needed to correct on-going losses |
| One pound of water is equivalent to | 1 pint or 480 mls |
| The body is made up of what % of water | 60% |
| the body weight of water is divided into what two groups | intracellular fluids and extracellular fluids |
| what are intracellular fluids and how much of body water do they account for | inside the cell; account for 2/3 of body h2o |
| what are extracellular fluids and how much of body water do they account for | outside the cells ; account for 1/3 of body h2o |
| What are the two types of extracellular fluids | vascular and interstitial |
| vascular space is what | plasma |
| what is interstitial space | in the tissue spaces between blood vessels and cells |
| WHat is diffusion | movement of solutes from high solute concentration to an area of low solute concentration to have equilization |
| Is diffusion passive process or active process | passive |
| What is active transport | movement of solutes from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration |
| Is active transport passive or active process | active process and requires energy |
| What is osmosis | movement of FLUID from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration, until balance is maintained |
| IS osmosis acitve or passive process | passive process |
| What is the difference between hydrostatic and osmotic pressure | hydrostatic pushes fluid out, osmotic pressure pulls fluid in |
| What is osmotic pressure also called | oncotic pull |
| what is osmotic pressure | colloids are large molecular weight particles present in a solution. proteins in the plasma contribute to the colloid osmotic pressure. more protein in the plasma holds the fluid in the vessels |
| What is the most important organ for fluid balance | kidney |
| what does the kidney do for fluid balance | conserve or excrete fluid |
| if the kidneys are conserving fluid what will the urine be | concentrated |
| if the kidneys are excreting fluid what will the urine be | dilute |
| what are th purpose of the hormones for the body to maintain fluid balance | hormones signal the kidneys to conseve or excrete fluid |
| Which of the following is used to monitor fluid therapy a) appetite b) bowel movements c)temperature d) urine output | d) urine output |
| What part of the eye can be used to indicate fluid overload? | conjunctiva |
| What is hyponatremia | decrease of sodium in the blood |
| what is hypernatremia | increase of sodium in the blood |
| WHat is hyperkalemia | increase in potassium in the blood |
| What is hypocalcemia | decrease in calcium in the blood |
| what is hypercalcemia | increase in calcium in the blood |
| When do animals become hypokalemic | V/D, or increase urine outputs |
| WHat causes hyperkalemia | can be caused by decreased urine output or Addison's dz |
| What can cause hyponatremia | renal failure, vomiting, diarrhea, congestive heart failure, addisons dz, or fluid overload |
| Is hypernatremia common | no , but can be caused by inadvertant over-feeding of salt |
| What is eclampsia | a syndrome including convulsions and coma occuring n animals soon after birth of the young |
| Dz of which gland can cause elevated calcium | parathyroid |
| How do electrolytes help regulate the acid-base balance in the body | by maintaining the hydrogen ion concentrations in bodily fluids, particularly in extracellular fluids |
| An electrolyte that releases a hydrogen ion in water is called | acid |
| When an elctrolyte binds a hydrogen ion in water is called a | base |
| Arterial blood pH less that 7.35 is called what | Acidemia |
| Arterial blood pH greater that 7.45 is called what | Alkalemia |
| postive ions are called | cations |
| negative ions are called | anions |
| What are the primary ions in the body | sodium potassium, chloride, phosphate,and bicarbonate |
| What electrolyte imbalance is most likely to be found in a cat with total urethral obstruction. A) Hyperkalemia B)Hypokalemia C) Hyponatremia D) Hypercalcemia | A) Hyperkalemia |
| Maintenance of pH in this range is essential to survival and depends on 3 major mechanisms in the body what are they | Chemical buffers, respiratory system and renal system |
| What is the response of chemical buffers | immediate process |
| OF chemical buffers, respiratory systme , or renal system which one is the longest out of the three | renal system |
| What is metabolic acidosis | producing too much acid or hanging on to them for to long |
| what is metabolic alkalosis | increase loss of acids |
| What is respiratory acidosis | increases the co2 in blood, hypoventalation→ build up of co2,impaired gas exchange in lungs |
| What is respiratory alkalosis | decrease the co2 in blood, hyperventalation-decrease co2 in the lungs |
| WHat are the 3 goals of fluid therapy | maintenance, replace deficits, and replace ongoing losses |
| WHat are sensible losses | roughly the equilvalent of urine output, they are measurable, considered part of the daily requirements |
| what are insensible losses | immeasurable losses, lossed via GI Tract and respiratory tract |
| How much water does it take to maintain the body's functions | 60 ml/kg/day |
| What are some abnormal or accelerated loss of fluids | high environmental temperature, physical activity, fever, hemmorhage, polyuria,diarrhea,vomiting, and hyperventilation |
| Normal CRT is what | 1-2 seconds |
| what is a normal heart rate for an unstressed dog | 60-120 beats/min |
| what is a normal heart rate for an unstresses cat | 100-200 beats/min |
| What is the most common artery to get a pulse | femoral |
| What are the four things mentioned in our notes that help assess perfusion status | CRT, HR, Weight, & BP |
| What clinical signs are seen with less than 5% dehydration | no clinical signs |
| If an animal is 5-6% dehydrated it is condsidered what | mild dehydration |
| What are the clinical signs seen with 5-6% dehydration | SKIN= slightly doughy, inelastic consistency |
| If an animal is moderate dehydrated what percent is it | 6-8% |
| What types of clinical signs are seen with moderate dehydration | SKIN=inelastic, EYES= duller than normal and slightly sunken into orbit, MM= tacky to dry |
| IF the animal is 10-12% dehydrated it is considered what | Severe dehydration |
| What are the clinical signs of severe dehydration | SKIN= no elasticity, EYES=dry,deeply sunken, MM=dry,cyanotic, and possibly cold, CRT= prolonged or absent, HR=increased, PULSE=weak |
| If a patient is 12-15% dehydrated the patient is in what state | SHOCK, and death is imminent |
| WHat is the normal PCV for a dog | 37-55% |
| What is the normal PCV for a cat | 24-45% |
| THe higher the value of PCV indicates what | The higher the degree of dehydration |
| What is the normal total protein for a dog | 5.4-7.6 g/dl |
| WHat is the normal total protein for a cat | 6.0-8.1 g/dl |
| The higher the value of TP indicates what | THe higher degree of dehydration |
| What is the normal SG for a dog | 1.025 (1.001-1.060) |
| What is the normal SG for a cat | 1.030 (1.001-1.080) |
| Specific gravity only reflects dehydration if what organs are healthy | kidneys |
| Normal urine production is | 1-2 mls/kg/hr |
| IN general how long are sub q fluids absorbed | 6-8 hours |
| Which type of fluids are admininstered Sub Q | Isotonic |
| IV fluids are administered if dogs and cats are at what percent dehydrated | 7% |
| WHat is the basic reydration formula | %dehydrated in decimal form x body weight (kg) x 1000 = mls to rehydrate |
| The amount of deficit is given over how long to prevent fluid overload | 24 hours or longer |
| Contradictions for aggressive fluid thereapy are | cerebral edema, pulmonary contusions, conjestive heart failure |
| What is the drip rate formula | vol of fluid(mls/day or mls/hr) x drip set divided by time in sec |
| What are the most common fluid administration set | macro drip sets which administer 1ml of fluid in 10,15, or 20 drops |
| What is a microdrip set | they administer 1 ml of fluid in 60 tiny drops |
| What weight group are microdrips usually used for | anything under 10kg |
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scoobysnax
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