Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Anatomy VTNE Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| anatomy | deals with the form and structure of the body and it's parts (what things look like and where they're located) |
| physiology | deals with functions of the body and its parts (how things work and what they do) |
| What is the idea of bilateral symmetry of the animal body? | the left and right halves are essentially mirror images of one another and single structures are toward midline |
| What are the 2 main body cavities in the mammalian body? | dorsal and ventral body cavity |
| dorsal body cavity | contains the brain and spinal cord and their cavities |
| ventral body cavity | contains the soft organs of the body |
| How are the organs of the ventral body cavity divided? | the diaphragm divides into the cranial thoracic cavity and the caudal abdominal cavity |
| pleura | thin membrane that covers all organs |
| visceral pleura | pleura that covers the organs |
| parietal pleura | pleura that covers the the entire cavity |
| pluritis/pleurisy | inflammation of the pleura |
| peritoneum | lines the abdominal organs |
| peritonitis | painful inflammation of the peritoneum mainly resulting from a wound or rupture of the GI tract |
| cell | the most basic unit |
| tissues | similar cells grouped together |
| organs | groups of tissues working together for the same purpose |
| systems | organs with a common set of activities |
| homeostasis | maintenance of a dynamic equallibrium in the body (balance) |
| prokaryotes | cells with no nucleus |
| eukaryotes | cells with a true nucleus |
| cells membrane/plasma membrane | encloses the cell |
| cytoplasm | fluid portion of the cells that suspends the organelles; enzymes and other proteins are produced here |
| organelles | small "organs" that carry out function in the cell |
| micro-villa | present in the cells of the digestive tract, projections that come out of the cell that help in absorption |
| cilia | present in cells of the respiratory tract where a projection from the cell prevents dust and foreign bodies from entering the lungs |
| ribosomes | protein synthesis and very numerous |
| mitochondria | produces ATP (energy) |
| endoplasmic reticulum | transport and storage |
| golgi body | sorts and packages proteins |
| lysosomes | digestive enzymes |
| peroxisomes | detoxify molecules |
| nucleus | control center of the cell, maintains heredity function and controls cellular activities during protein synthesis |
| true or false: everything inside the cell other than the nucleus is genetic material. | false |
| True or False: mitochondria contain the DNA, RNA and the enzymes possible to make protein. | false |
| True or False: Protein intended for extra-cellular use and in the plasma membrane is synthesized in ribosomes evenly distributed throughout the cytoskeleton. | true |
| What three structures are found in the mammalian cells despite three billion years of evolution? | cytoplasm, nucleus, and cell membrane |
| What are the principal components of cytoplasm? | cytoskeleton, organelles, inclusions, and cytosol |
| How many mitochondria are in the average mammalian cell? | it depends on the cells activity level (highly active cells require more mitochondria) |
| What do ribosomes produce? | proteins |
| The outer layer of the nuclear membrane in continuous with what? | the cell membrane |
| What are the 4 types of tissues? | epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscle |
| gross anatomy | the study of economic structures that can be seen with the naked eye |
| microanatomy/histology | microscopic study of organs |
| What is the most abundant tissue in the body? | connective |
| fibroblasts | cells that produce ordinary connective tissue |
| fibrocytes | less active adult cells |
| What kind of tissue forms tendons? | dense regular connective tissue |
| What kind of tissue forms ligaments and the dermis of the skin? | dense irregular connective tissue |
| What are the 3 types of muscle tissue? | skeletal, smooth, and cardiac |
| What is the first stage of tissue healing and repair? | inflammation |
| infection | inflammatory response from viruses, bacteria, and fungi |
| Is scar tissue as strong as the original tissue? | no |
| excretions | substances the leave the body |
| keratin | protective, waterproof substance |
| pathogens | bacteria and viruses |
| mucin | thick, sticky substance of glycoproteins and proteglandins; when water is added it turns to mucus |
| duct | carries secretions to deposit site |
| edema | spaces in loose connective tissue fill with body fluid in trauma |
| adipose | fat |
| cartilage | tough, specialized connective tissue |
| mucus membranes | line organs and have access to the outside environment |
| True or False: Connective tissue has no direct blood supply and epithelial tissue is vascularized. | False: Connective tissue is vascular and epithelial tissue is avascular. |
| Cartilage is a specialized connective tissue that contains an abundant supply of nerves. | False: Cartilage does not contain nerves |
| True of False: bone is specialized connective that is well vascularized, protects vital organs such as the brain and heart, acts as a calcium reserve, and is the site of blood cell production and fat storage. | True |
| True or False: Mucus membranes line the walls and cover the organs fill closed body cavities. | False |
| What structure acts as a partial barrier between the epithelial cells and the underlying connective tissue? | the basement membrane |
| What type of membrane lines the respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts? | mucus |
| What is the first process in inflammation? | vasoconstriction to control hemorrhaging |
| os, osteo | bone |
| osteocytes | bone cells |
| What is the 2nd hardest structure in the body? | bone |
| What are the 5 main functions of bone? | 1. support 2. protection 3. leverage 4. storage 5. hematopoiesis |
| What is the purpose of calcetonin? | prevents hypercalcemia by depositing excess calcium in bones |
| What is the purpose of parathyroid hormone? | prevents hypocalcemia by withdrawing calcium from bones |
| cancellous bone | spongy bone that is filled with marrow |
| compact bone | heavy, dense, outside layer of bone |
| osteoblasts | cells that form bone then supply minerals to harden it |
| osteocytes | mature bone cells |
| osteoclasts | remodel bone cells when needed |
| long bones | longer than wide |
| short bones | shaped like cubes or marsh mellows |
| flat bones | thin and flat |
| irregular bones | don't fit into the other categories (misc) |
| What fills the space inside bones? | marrow |
| red bone marrow | forms blood cells |
| yellow bone marrow | adipose but can revert back to red |
| condyle | large, round, articular surface |
| head | spherical surface on end of a long bone |
| facet | flat surface |
| process | all lumps, bumps, and projections in a bone |
| foramen | hole in a bone; usually for a nerve or vessel to pass |
| fossa | sunken area in bone |
| brachycephalic | short faced |
| dolicocephalic | long faced |
| maxillary | upper jaw |
| lacrimal | from medial orbit of eye |
| hyoid bone | h-shaped and supports base of tongue, pharynx, larynx, and helps animal swallow |
| c1 (atlas) | first vertebra that helps hold up the head |
| c2 (axis) | has dens that hook into atlas |
| ribs | flat bones that form the lateral walls of the thorax |
| sternum | breastbone that forms the floor of the thorax |
| scapula | most proximal bone of the thoracic limb |
| humerus | long bone of the upper arm |
| What bones make up the antebrachium? | radius and ulna |
| radius | main weight bearing bone of the forearm |
| ulna | helps form the elbow |
| carpus | 2 rows of carpal bones |
| metacarpal bones | extend distally from distal row to proximal phalanges |
| phalanges | bones of the digits |
| seasmoid bones | found in some tendons; irregular bones |
| How many bones does the pelvis begin as? | 3 |
| ilium | cranial most part of pelvis;wings of pelvis |
| ischium | caudal most pelvic bone |
| pubis | smallest of pelvic bones that forms cranial portion of pubic floor |
| acetabulum | 3 pelvic bones that form this ball and socket joint |
| obturator foramen | holes in the pelvis to lighten it |
| femur | long bone in thigh |
| patella | knee cap |
| What is the largest seasmoid bone in the body? | the patella |
| fabellae | 2 small seasmoid bones in the calf muscle in cats and dogs |
| tibia | main weight bearing bone in the lower leg |
| fibula | thin, but complete bone that parallels tibia |
| tarsal bone | ankle (hock) |
| metatarsal bones | similar to metacarpal bones |
| os cordis | bone of the heart in cattle or sheep that support it |
| os penis | bone in penis that supports it in dog, walrus, beavers, and raccoon |
| os rostri | bone to strengthen the nose of swine |
| joints | junctions between bones |
| arthro, articular | joint |
| fibrous joints | completely immobile |
| cartilaginous joints | slightly mobile |
| synovial joints | freely movable |
| flexion | decreases angle |
| extension | increases angle |
| adduction | toward medial plane |
| abduction | away from the medial plane |
| rotation | twisting on axis |
| circumduction | distal portion moves in a circular motion |
| hinge joints | one joint surface swivels around another |
| gliding joint | rocking motion from 1 bone to another |
| pivot joint | one bone rotates around another |
| ball and socket joint | permits all synovial movement |
| What are the 3 types of muscles? | skeletal, cardiac, and smooth |
| myo | muscle |
| sarco | muscle cells |
| sarcoplasm | cytoplasm of the muscle cell |
| voluntary striated muscle | skeletal muscle |
| tendon | attach muscles to bones |
| aponeuroses | broad sheets of fibrous connective tissue |
| origin of muscle | a muscles more stable attachment site; less movable |
| insertion of muscle | site of muscle that undergoes movement |
| Do muscles work alone? | rarely |
| prime mover (agonist) | directly produces desired movement |
| antagonist | directly opposes prime mover |
| synergist | contracts at the same time as the prime mover |
| fixator muscle | stabilizes joints to allow movements to happen |
| What are the 7 ways skeletal muscles are named? | action, shape, location, number of heads, directions of fibers, attachment sites, and selected muscles |
| How many nuclei per cell do skeletal muscles have? | 100+ |
| involuntary striated muscle | cardiac muscle |
| What muscle contracts with wave-like contractions? | cardiac |
| non-striated involuntary muscle | smooth muscle |
| What are the 2 forms of smooth muscle? | 1. large sheets of cells in some hollow organs 2. small discrete groups of cells |
| What is the muscle of mastication? | masseters |
| What muscle contracts during inspiration? | diaphragm |
| cutaneous muscle | thin muscle in the connective tissue beneath the skin |
| brachium | upper arm region |
| viscera | soft internal organs |
| neuro | nervous system |
| What are the 2 divisions of the nervous system? | central and peripheral |
| peripheral nervous system | cord like nerves that link the CNS to the rest of the body |
| What 3 categories do the activities of the nervous system fall into? | sensory, motor, or integrating |
| neurons | basic functional units of the nervous system |
| True or false: Neurons have a high requirement for oxygen. | True |
| neuroglia (glial cells) | support and protect neurons but are not involved in the central cell body |
| dendrites | recieve stimuli or impulses from other neurons and conduct it to the cell body |
| axon | conduct nerve impulses away from the cell body to a neuron or effector cell |
| effector cell | cell that does something when stimulated |
| myelin | fatty substance that covers that axons |
| afferent nerve impulses | conduct nerve impulses toward the CNS |
| efferent nerve impulses | carry nerve impulses away from CNS |
| somatic nervous system | voluntary movement of skeletal muscles |
| autonomic nervous system | self-regulating system (smooth and cardiac muscle) |
| cerebrum | largest part of the brain |
| gyri | folds of the brain |
| sulci | shallow grooves of the brain |
| fissures | deep grooves of the brain |
| cerebellum | part of the brain just caudal to the cerebrum; responsible for balance, coordination, posture, and reflexes |
| diencephalon | passageway between cerebellum and brain stem |
| brain stem | connects the brain and the spinal cord |
| What are the 3 things that make up the brain stem? | pons, medulla oblongata, and the mid-brain |
| meninges | connective tissue layers that surround the brain and spinal cord;also supply blood, oxygen, and nutrients to tissues of the brain and spinal cord |
| cerebrospinal fluid | fluid that protects that brain and spinal cord from hard surfaces of the skull and spinal cord |
| blood-brain barrier | barrier that separates the capillaries in the brain from the nervous tissue |
| cranial nerves | special set of 12 nerves that originate directly from the brain |
| resting state | when the neuron is not stimulated |
| cerebral cortex | the outer layer of the brain |
| fenstrations | openings |
| central canal | center of the spinal canal |
| True or false: Neurons have a good reproductive ability. | False |
| True or False: Spinal nerves are in the CNS? | True |
| True or False: In fight or flight, activity in the GI tract is increased. | True |
| Axons in the CNS are covered by what? | oligodendrites |
| When you pet a dog, what receptors send a sensation from the skin to that brain? | afferent |
| What part of the brain is responsible for learning, intelligence, and awareness? | cerebrum |
| Damage to this part of the brain can result in rapid death. | brain stem |
| Where is the blood-brain barrier found? | the capillaries |
| Somatic reflex arcs include what? | skeletal muscles |
| What is a common reflex used to assess the depth of anesthesia? | pupillary light reflex |
| What is the purpose of the endocrine system? | helps maintain homeostasis in the body |
| Where are hormones produced? | in the endocrine glands |
| What other system does the endocrine system typically work with? | the nervous system |
| What product is produced in the endocrine system? | hormones |
| What is the basic unit of the endocrine system? | endocrine glands |
| Where does the endocrine glands secrete its hormones? | directly into the blood stream (ductless) |
| Where do exocrine glands secrete their products? | onto the epithelial surfaces through ducts |
| What does a hormone do when it reaches it's target? | it changes some of the cell's activity |
| How is hormone secretion controlled? | a thermostat-like system; when hormone levels fall the body secretes more |
| Where is the hypothalamus located? | in the brain-part of the diencephalon |
| What does that hypothalamus regulate? | appetite control, temperature regulation, and wake/sleep cycles |
| What hormones are the anterior pituitary responsible for? | growth hormone, prolactin, thyroid stimulation hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, follicle stimulation hormone, luteinizing hormone, and melanocyte-stimulating hormone |
| growth hormone | growth, metabolism and increasing sugars |
| prolactin | triggers and maintains lactation in females |
| thyroid stimulating hormone | growth and development of the thyroid gland, and causing the thyroid gland to produce hormones |
| adrenocorticotropic hormone | stimulates growth and development of the adrenal cortex and the release of some of it's hormones |
| follicle stimulating hormone | Females: growth and development of the ovaries Males: spermogenesis |
| luteinizing hormone | completes process of follicle development on the female |
| melanocyte stimulating hormone | color changing in fish, reptiles and amphibians |
| Does the posterior pituitary produce hormones? | no-stores hormones produced in the hypothalamus |
| anti-diuretic hormone | prevents dieresis- loss of large amounts of water through the urine |
| oxytocin | uterine contractions at time of birth and at mating causes contractions to help sperm to follicle |
| thyroid gland | consists of 2 lobes on both sides of the larynx |
| thyroid hormone | heats body and helps metabolism; also effects growth in young animals |
| Calcitonin | maintains homeostasis in blood calcium levels by lowering calcium levels in blood in times of hypercalcemia |
| parathyroid hormone | opposes calcetonin by raising calcium levels in blood when hypocalcemia threatens |
| What are the adrenal glands named for? | the close proximity to the kidneys |
| glucocorticoid hormones | effect blood glucose levels-typically increase |
| mineralcortocoid hormones | regulate mineral levels in the body |
| pancreas | long, flat organ located near the duodenum |
| insulin | lets glucose and amino acids be absorbed into cells |
| glucagon | has the opposite effects of insulin and raises blood glucose |
| What 2 hormones do the testes produce? | androgens and testosterone |
| What 2 hormones do the ovaries produce? | estrogen and progestins |
| What hormone does the kidneys produce and what does it do? | erythropoietin-stimulates red bone marrow to increase production of RBCs |
| What hormone does the stomach produce and what does it do? | gastrin- acts on stomach walls to produce acid and enzymes to aid in digestion |
| What important hormone does the placenta produce and what does it do? | chorionic gonadotropin- tells +/- on a pregnancy test (indicates pregnancy) |
| What system controls hormone secretion? | negative feedback system |
| What is another name for the pituitary gland? | hypophysis |
| What is another name for the growth hormone? | somatotropic hormone |
| A deficiency in the anti-diuretic hormone causes what disease? | diabetes insipidus |
| homeostasis | balance |
| mediastinum | space between the 2 pleural cavities that contain the heart, lungs, trachea, esophagus and some vascular structures |
| What is the outer layer of the heart called? | pericardium |
| What is the inner sac of the heart called? | myocardium |
| Between myocardium and the lining of the heart is thin layer of lining. What is this called? | endocardium |
| Where is the base of the heart located? | the top of the heart |
| Where is the apex of the heart located? | bottom of the heart |
| auricles | largest most visible part of the atria (look like ears over the ventricles) |
| sulci (of the heart) | grooves separating ventricles |
| Are the ventricle walls or the atria walls of the heart thicker and why? | ventricle walls are thicker because they have to pump blood to the rest of the body. |
| aorta | largest artery in the body |
| ccardiac cycle | each contraction of the heart |
| systole | heart muscles contract and blood is ejected |
| diastole | heart relaxes and blood refills |
| SA Node | pacemaker of the hear; regulates heartbeat |
| What is different about a fetuses circulation? | Since the mother supplies oxygen and nutrients, the fetusus' blood supply bypasses it's lungs |
| When does a fetus's lungs inflate? | at birth when it takes it's first breath |
| Where is the mitral valve located? | left side |
| Where is the tricuspid valve located? | right side |
| cardiac output | amount of blood that leaves the heart that is determined by stroke volume and heart reate (sroke volume*HR) |
| stroke volume | amount of blood ejected with each contraction |
| heartrate | how often the heart contracts |
| What affects cardiac output? | blood pressue and fight or flight response |
| arteries | take blood away from the heart |
| veins | take blood to the heart |
| True or False: The mediastinum is also called the intrapleural space? | true |
| What is the heart muscle called? | myocardium |
| What component of the heart has the thickest walls? | left ventricle |
| True or False: The SA Node is unable to repolarize itself. | False |
| What are specialized fibers that conduct electrical currents? | purkinje fibers |
| What blood vessels do not have muscles in their walls? | capillaries |
| What effect does general anesthesia have on the cardiovascular system? | decreases cardiac output |
| external respiration | occurs in the lungs-exchange of oxygen and co2 |
| internal respiration | occurs all over the body-exchange of oxygen and co2in the blood between tissues and cells |
| phonation | voice production; begins in the larynx and vocal cords |
| olfactory | sense of smell |
| What organs are included in the upper respiratory tract? | nose, pharynx, larynx, and trachea |
| nares | nostrils |
| turbinates | thin, scroll bones that occupy the nasal passages and help warm air |
| paranasal sinuses | outpouches of pasal passages contained within the skull bones (named for what bone they are found in) |
| epiglottis | covers the opening of the larynx when the animal swallows |
| glottis | opening of the larynx formed by cartilages |
| What is included in the lower repiratory tract? | bronchi and alveoli |
| bronchi tree | from the bronchi to the alveolo |
| Where does air go after entering the lungs? | bronchus-bronchi-bronchioles-alveolar ducts-alveolar sacs |
| alveoli | oxygen and co2 are exchaned between blood and air |
| diaphragm | thin domelike sheet of muscle separtes thoarcic cavity from abdominal cavity |
| thorax | chest cavity |
| pleura | covers organs in thoracic cavity |
| visceral layer of pleuara | covers organs |
| parietal layer or pleura | lines the thoracic cavity |
| inspiration | diaphargm flattens |
| expiration | diaphragm goes back to its dome shape |
| tidal volume | volume of air inspired and expired in 1 breath |
| minute volume | volume of air inspired and expired in 1 minute |
| residual volume | volume of air remaining in lungs after maximum expiration |
| What part of the lungs lie directly on the diaphargm? | the base |
| Where does the digestive system run? | from the mouth to the anus |
| What are other names for the digestive system? | digestive tract, gastrointestinal tract (GI), or alimentary canal, or gut |
| herbivores | plant eating |
| omnivores | meat and plant eating |
| carnivores | eat only meat |
| mono-gastric | single or simple stomach |
| ruminants | mixing or fermentators; have3 multiple compartments in the stomach |
| What are the 5 basic functions of the digestive system? | 1. ingest food and water 2. digest and absorb food and water 3. excrete waste products 4. secrete hormones and enzymes 5. convert nutrients to energy |
| peristalsis | contractions that move contents along the digestive tract |
| segmentation | contractions that mix the contents of the digestive tract |
| labial | lips |
| What are the 3 main salivary glands that most domestic animals have? | 1. parotid 2. mandibular 3. sublingual |
| maxilla | contains the upper arcade of teeth |
| mandible | contains the lower arcade of teeth |
| occlusal surface | where teeth come together or chewing surface of teeth |
| incisors | grasping teeth |
| canines | tearing teeth (tusks in some animals) |
| premolars | cutting teeth (cheek teeth) |
| molars | grinding teeth |
| lingual surface | faces the tongue |
| palatal surface | faces the hard palate |
| labial surface | faces the lips |
| buccal surface | faces the cheeks |
| What is the feline dental formula? | I3/3 C1/1 P3/2 M1/1 |
| What is the canine dental formula? | I3/3 C1/1 P4/4 M2/3 |
| apex of a tooth | tip of the tooth where the root and nerve enter |
| pulp | center of the tooth |
| dentin | surrounds the tooth pulp and protects it |
| cementum | covers the root tip and helps fasten it securely in its socket |
| enamel | covers the crown of the tooth and is the hardest surface in the body |
| Where does the esophagus enter the stomach? | the cardia |
| What shape is the mono-gastric stomach? | c-shaped |
| fundus | blind pouch that will expand to hold more food as it is swallowed |
| body | middle portion of the stomach |
| pyloric antrum | grinds up swallowed food and regulates hydrochloric acid |
| pylorus | sphincter to regulate movement of chyme to duodenum and prevent back flow |
| How many stomachs does the ruminant have? | 1 true stomach and 3 forestomachs |
| reticulum | smallest and most cranial compartment; honeycomb like compartment increases absorption |
| hardware disease | irritation of the lining of the reticulum caused by metal or wire |
| rumen | large, fermentive vat that processes plant-like material into energy |
| omasum | has many muscular folds in the lining |
| abomasum | true stomach of the ruminant |
| How is a young ruminants stomach different that a grown ruminant? | it acts as a mono-gastric stomach |
| Where are the majority of nutrients absorbed in the GI system? | small intestine |
| What are the 3 portions of the small intestine? | duodenum, jejunum, and ileum |
| villi | fold in the small intestine that help absorb nutrients |
| micro-villi | fold on the villi that absorb nutrients |
| brush boarder | layer of micro-villi |
| What are the 3 sections of the large intestines? | cecum, colon, and rectum |
| Is the cecum more developed in carnivores or ruminants? | ruminants |
| Where is bile mainly produces and stored? | produced: hepatic ducts in liver stored: gall bladder |
| What organ plays a part in both lubrication and digestion? | salivary glands |
| What are deciduous teeth? | baby teeth |
| Milk in what compartment can cause serious disruption in normal fermentation? | rumen |
| What disease is characterized by decreased movement of ingesta in the intestines? | ileus |
| What vitamins are fat soluble? | A, D, E, and K |
| Where are bile acids made? | in the liver |
| These salivary glands are located just ventral to the ear. | parotid salivary glands |
| Accumulation of fluid in the abdomen. | ascites |
| This salivary gland is located just medial to the shafts of the mandible. | sublingual salivary glands |
| Loss of muscle tone in the esophagus can lead to this disease. | Megaesophagus |
| What are the 6 functions of the kidneys? | 1. blood filtration 2. re-absorption 3. secretion 4. fluid balance 5. pH regulation 6. hormone production |
| hilus | indented side of the kidney where blood, lymph vessels, nerves, and ureters enter and leave |
| renal pelvis | funnel shaped area in the hilus where urine forms |
| renal cortex | outer portion of kidney |
| medulla | inner portion of kidney around renal pelvis |
| nephron | the basic functional unit of the kidney; made up of hundreds of thousands |
| What hormones regulate urine volume? | antidiuretic and aldosterone |
| polyuria | increased urine volume |
| Where do the ureters enter the bladder? | the neck |
| Insufficient production of antidiuretic hormone can result in what? | polyuria |
| Production of little urine | Oliguria |
| meisos | process of cell division the produces reporoductive and ensures that the genetic makeup of each animal is different |
| when is the DNA of an animal the same? | clones and identical twins |
| chromosomes | thread-like accumulations of DNA in the nucleus of the cell; contains the genetic material of the cell |
| diploid chromosomes | total number of the chromosomes in the nucleus (number is paired) |
| sex chromosomes | determine gender X, Y |
| diploid chromosome number | reduced number of chromosomes in the reproductive cell |
| mitosis | when all other body cells divide |
| spermatogenesis | production of spermatozoa in the semineferous tubules |
| What sex chromosomes do sperm have? | 1/2 of the spermatozoa produced have an X chromosome and 1/2 of the spermatozoa produced have a Y chromosome to determine gender |
| oogenesis | production of ova in the follicles |
| When is the number of oocytes in the female determined? | shortly after birth |
| What are the 3 main functions of the male reportductive system? | 1.) Produce sex hormones 2.)Produce sperm 3.) Deliver sperm to the female system at the appropriate time |
| testes | male gonads where reproductive cells are formed |
| scrotum | houses the testicles |
| What are the 2 main functions of the testes? | 1. spermatogenesis 2. hormone production |
| spermatozoan | long thin cells with 3 main parts |
| What are the 3 main parts of a sperm cell? | 1. head 2. midsection 3. tail |
| acrosome | caplike structure in the head of the sperm that breaks into the oocyte |
| What is the part of the sperm that contains all of the power? | the midsection |
| inguinal rings | at or soon after birth the testicles descend through these into the scrotum |
| gubernaculum | bad of tissue that hold the testicles |
| cremaster muscles | adjust testis position closer to the body or further based on temperature |
| spermatic cord | links testis with rest of the body |
| paniform plexus | tiny meshwork of veins tat supply bloodflow around testicles |
| vas deferens | moves sperm to the epididymis |
| urethrea | carries urine and sperm out of the body |
| prostate gland | surrounds the urethra; some of its secretions carry into it |
| What is the only reproductive accesory organ in dogs. | prostate |
| bulbourethral gland | secrete lubrications into the urethra before ejaculation |
| penis | male breeding organ |
| What is the largest part of the male penis? | body |
| What part of the penis do cats have spines on? | glans of penis or tip |
| prepuce | sheath of skin enclosing penis when it is not erect |
| os penis | bone in the penis of dogs, walrus, and racoons |
| bulb of the glans | swells when dogs mate and allows "the tie" |
| sigmoid flexure | non-erect penis of the bull, ram, and boar |
| What are the 5 main functions of the female reproductive system? | 1.) recieve male reproductive cells, 2.) furnishes a site for the ovum 3.) provides an environment for the embryo/fetus 4.) carries pregnancy 5.) pushes the fetus into the world |
| ovaries | female gonads |
| What are the 2 main functions of the ovaries? | production of cells and production of hormones |
| oogenesis | process where ova are produced in the follicle of the ovaries |
| estrogens | hormone that causes behavioral that prepare an animal for breeding and pregnancy |
| progestins | hormone that prepares the uterus for implantation and maintains pregnancy |
| What 2 hormones influence the ovarian cycle? | follicle stimulating hormone and leutinizing hormone |
| uniparous | species that typically give birth to 1 offspring at a time (humans, horses and, cattle) |
| multiparous | species that typically give birth to liters of offspring (dogs, cats, and sows) |
| oviducts or fallopian tubes | small, convoluted tubes that extend from the tip of the uterine horns |
| infundibulum | funnel-like fingers that catch the ova |
| uterus | womb where the fertilized ovum implants and lives until birth |
| placenta | life support sytem from mother to embryo |
| cervix | musclar valve the closes off uterus from the outside world |
| When is the only times that the uterus opens? | birth and estrus |
| vagina | tube that recieves penis and breeding and acts as the birth canal |
| What is the only external female reporoductive organ? | vulva |
| vestibule | entrance to the vagina |
| clitoris | female equal to the penis |
| labia | external boundary of the vagina |
| What is the definitions of a full estrous cycle? | the begining of one heat cycle to another |
| polyestrus | animals the cycle continuosly throughout the year |
| What animals are polyestrous? | cattle and swine |
| seasonally estrous | animals the cycle at certain times through the year |
| What animals are seasonally estrous? | horse, sheep, and cats |
| diestrous | animals that have 2 cycles per year (usually spring and fall) |
| What animals are diestrous? | dogs |
| monoestrus | animals that only have 1 heat cycle a year |
| What anaimals are monoestrus | mink and fox |
| What are the 5 stages of the heat cycle in order? | 1. Proestrus 2. Estrus 3. Metestrus 4. Diestrus 5. Anestrus |
| This is the actual heat period and when the female is receptive to sexual activity? | estrus |
| This is a period of temporary inactivity between breeding cycles? | anestrus |
| This is a period of follice development in the ovary? | proestrus |
| What cells have haploid chromosomes numbers? | spermaozoa and ova |
| What letter spem cell needs to fertilize the ovum for the offspring to come out a male? | Y |
| Why is the mid-piece of the sperm refered to as the power plant? | it contains the mitochondria |
| In cold conditions, this muscle contracts to pull the testes closer to the body. | cremaster |
| What is the purpose of the gubernaculum? | it is the site of attatchment for the testes in the fetus's abdomen |
| When are the sperm transported from the vas defrens into the urethra? | during ejaculation |
| True or False: Spermatozoa make up the majority of semen. | False |
| What animals have an os penis? | dog, walrus, and racoon |
| The glans of this animal is covered with short spines. | cat |
| What is the significance of the bulb of the glans n the dog? | when it is enlarged, it is impossible for the male to withdraw from the female |
| Which animals have a sigmoid flexure? | boar, ram, and bull |
| What hormone must surge before ovulation will occur? | lutenizing hormone |
| Where does fertilization USUALLY take place | fallopian tubes |
| What is the embryologic euivilant of the penis in the female? | clitoris |
| body of the uterus | the main part of the uterus |
| broad ligament | paired sheets of connective tissue that suspend the uterus from the dorsal part of the abdominal cavity and attatch to the abdominal wall |
| epididymis | ribbon like structure along the surface of the testis where the sperm is stored |
| vas defrens | muscular tube that carries sperm and fluids to the urethra at ejaculation |
| Are the testes kept warmer or cooler than body temperature? | cooler |
Created by:
abarber09
Popular Veterinary sets