Midterm #2. Nutrition 220. Cal Poly, Daughtery Lecture.
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| Loss of more than ____% of body weight in water is fatal to most animals. | show 🗑
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| show | 40-80%
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| What influences how much BW is water? | show 🗑
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| AT birth, what percent of the body is water? | show 🗑
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| show | 40% (fat) - 65% (skinny)
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| Adipose contains a lot LESS/MORE water. | show 🗑
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| show | -Water is a good polar solvent
-Water is a vehicle for transport of nutrients and wastes
-Participates in biochemical reactions as reactant
-Body temp regulation
-Maintains shape of cells
-Lubricates digesta in GIT
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| show | Most nutrients and wastes are water soluble.
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| Water has a high _____ constant meaning it has an opposite _____ attraction. | show 🗑
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| show | Breaks down CHOs, TAGs, proteins.
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| What is water's heat of vaporization? | show 🗑
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| 1C = 1 ___/___ | show 🗑
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| show | Evaporation of H20 from skins surfaces and lungs dissipates large amount of heat.
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| What is the significance of water having a very high specific heat? (2) | show 🗑
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| show | Drinking Water
Metabolic water
Water in feed
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| show | 10-80%
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| show | 60%
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| show | 112%
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| show | 40%
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| What is metabolic water? | show 🗑
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| show | 5-10%
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| show | 100
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| What are the 6 main routes of water loss? | show 🗑
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| What are the three functions of urine? | show 🗑
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| What two factors will effect the quantity of feces lost? | show 🗑
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| An increased intake of indigestible or difficult to digest diet will down will lower/increase the amount of water loss in feces? | show 🗑
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| show | Cattle: 60-80%
Sheep: 50%
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| What accounts for the difference in the amount of water loss in feces per species? | show 🗑
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| A longer LI will mean more/less H2O quantity in feces? | show 🗑
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| As body temperature goes up, what happens that makes pores open? | show 🗑
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| What three methods of water loss are considered "vapor loss"? | show 🗑
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| show | body temperature regulation
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| Milk is aprx __% H2O. | show 🗑
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| Dairy cows give ___g milk/day, which is about ___gl H2O/day. This is equivalent to ____% of the BW. | show 🗑
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| In a 500kg "dry" Holstein cow, how much H2O was lost in: Feces (L/D) Urine (L/D) Vapor (L/D) TOTAL (L/d) TOTAL (%body weight) | show 🗑
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| How much water does an animal need per day? (2) | show 🗑
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| show | 1) Environmental factors
2) diet factors
3) state of production
4) Type of "urinary" system
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| show | INCREASE
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| Why is there an increased loss and requirement of water when the temp is up and humidity is down? | show 🗑
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| AN increased feed intake on dry matter basis will lead to an _____ nutrient intake leading to _____ waste to excrete. | show 🗑
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| What does DMI stand for? | show 🗑
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| If you increase the water in diet due to substitutes, there will be ___ change in total water requirement IF ____ remains constant. | show 🗑
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| show | INCREASE
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| What is meant by "type of urinary system"? | show 🗑
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| In mammals, what is the main end waste product from urine? | show 🗑
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| show | Uric Acid
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| show | Solid.
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| What are the four practical reasons for determining content of feces? | show 🗑
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| Feeds do not store well if there is more than ___% water in feed. | show 🗑
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| show | Silage
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| Why is it bad to have feeds with excess water? | show 🗑
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| Why is there an explosion/fire hazard with over moistened feeds? | show 🗑
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| There is less than ____% CHO stored in the animals body. | show 🗑
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| CHOs in the body are stored as _____. | show 🗑
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| Where is the glycogen that holds CHO stored? Where is the largest quantities? Where is the highest concentration? | show 🗑
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| show | Plants
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| show | Over 75%, DM
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| show | As fat
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| What are the main functions of CHOs in animals body? | show 🗑
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| Definition: carbohydrate | show 🗑
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| show | 1) number of carbon atoms
2) chemical structure of their carbonyl group
3) stereochemistry
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| Most biologically significant CHOs have a _____ configuration | show 🗑
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| show | Intermeidate length, containing approximately 2-10 monosaccharide units.
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| Definition: polysaccharides | show 🗑
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| show | separates dietary carbohydrates into fractions based on nutritional availability
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| show | the plant cells wall fraction (i.e), structural carbohydrates)
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| show | cellulose + hemicellulose + lignin (lignin is totally unavailable)
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| show | Lowest
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| show | Cellulose + lignin
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| Neutral Detergent Solubles (NDS) is the fraction containing ____ and ____. | show 🗑
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| NDS includes: It is the more/less digestible CHO fraciton | show 🗑
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| show | plant origin
high fiber
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| Pentoses are _______. | show 🗑
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| show | ribose,xylose
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| Ribose is present in all living cells as: | show 🗑
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| Ribose is a precursor for the synthesis of the essential amino acid ______. | show 🗑
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| show | Vitamins
Coenzymes
Nucleotides
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| show | riboflavin, vit B12
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| show | FAD, NAD, NADP, CoA
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| show | ATP, GTP
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| show | Monosaccharide
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| show | common
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| show | Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
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| What is the basic unit in many polysaccharides? | show 🗑
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| Because grains are a major component of many monogastric omnivore diets, what is the major end product of CHO digestion in non-ruminant diets? | show 🗑
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| show | SUGAR
ENERGY SOURCE
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| show | Fructose
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| show | Fructose
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| show | Milk
Lactose
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| Galactose occurs in the leaves of plants as ______. | show 🗑
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| There are galactosides in ____ and ____ tissue. | show 🗑
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| The two types of oligosaccharides are? | show 🗑
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| show | Fructose
Sugar beets
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| Maltose is made of alpha-linked glucose + _____. | show 🗑
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| show | Maltose
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| show | Sucrose
Maltose
Lactose
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| show | Galactose
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| Raffinose is a ________. | show 🗑
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| show | cottonseed
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| show | Galactose, glucose
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| The bond between glucose and fructose in Raffinose is an ___glycosidic linkage hydrolysable by _____. | show 🗑
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| show | Cannot
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| show | It is passed as a disaccharide into the large intestine and causes gas via microbial fermentation .
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| Why are polysaccharides different from monosaccharides? | show 🗑
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| Polysaccharides are composed of large numbers of _____ or ____ molecules. | show 🗑
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| show | Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose
Lignin
Pectin
Cereal Grain Beta-glucan (non-starch polysaccharide)
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| Starch is found in ____ but not ____. | show 🗑
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| show | Energy
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| Starch is highly digestible by monogastrics and ruminants. Why? | show 🗑
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| show | TRUE
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| show | Amylose
Amylopectin
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| show | straight chains of glucose in alpha-1,4 linkages
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| show | straight chains of glucose in alpha-1,4 glucosidic linkage with branching via alpha-1,6 linkages
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| How much amylose does a typical starch contain? How much amylopectin? | show 🗑
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| show | Granules
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| show | 55
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| Raw starch is only about ____% digestible by monogastrics. It is also resistant to digestion by _________. | show 🗑
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| What is starch gelatinization? | show 🗑
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| Glycogen is found in ____, not _____. | show 🗑
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| Glycogen is a carbohydrate storage form in animals. Where are the highest concentrations? | show 🗑
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| show | Many glucose molecuels connected by alpha-1,4 linkages and branch chains of glucose via alpha-1,6l linkages
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| show | Glycogen has more glucose molecules between branch points than amylopectin.
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| show | Glycogen: 10-14
Amylopectin: 20-25
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| The greater degree of branching in glycogen vs. amylopectin does what? | show 🗑
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| The solubility and low viscosity of glycogen does what? | show 🗑
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| show | The more extensive branching pattern, which interferes with intra and intermolecular hydrogen bonding of glycogen chains
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| show | Many glucose molecules connected by BETA-1,4 glycosidic linkages
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| What enzyme is required to digest cellulose? Who produces it? Who does not? | show 🗑
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| show | 1) Monogastrics -The animals do not produce cellulase
2)Ruminants and horses
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| show | Cotton
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| What is the main structural component of plant cell walls and high fiber feeds? | show 🗑
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| show | Fiber
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| Hemicellulose is a ________ _____ in plants. | show 🗑
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| Lignin is not digestible by whom? Who CAN digest it? | show 🗑
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| Lignin contents of plants ____ with age | show 🗑
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| What does lignin do to cellulose digestibility? Why? | show 🗑
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| Where is pectin found? | show 🗑
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| Where is pectin digested, and by what? | show 🗑
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| show | TRUE
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| Cereal grain Beta-glucan is a non-________ polysaccharide and is non-_______ by mammals. | show 🗑
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| Of the cereal grains, which feeds contain more B-glucans? | show 🗑
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| What polysaccharide contributes to vent pasting in chickens? How can the pasting be avoided? What is bad about pasting? | show 🗑
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| show | Linear polysaccharides composed of repeating disaccharide units that consist of a hexosamine and a uronic acid that are attached to proteins to form proteoglyans and glycoproteins.
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| show | N-acetylGLUCOsamine or N-acetylGALACTOsamine
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| show | -Joint lubrication
-Help maintain structural shape
-Provide a passageway for cell migration
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| Where are GAGs mainly found? What do they produce while there? | show 🗑
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| What are the five main GAGs? | show 🗑
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| Condroitin sulfate is made of what? | show 🗑
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| show | A polysaccharide
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| Where is chondroitin sulfate found? | show 🗑
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| Definition: Lipid | show 🗑
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| show | insoluble
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| show | 2.25
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| show | does not affect pH
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| In animals, FA are C__ to C__. In plants, FA are C__ to C__. Which is longer? | show 🗑
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| show | Carbon chain length and number of cis double bonds between carbon atoms
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| As the FA chain length goes up, MP goes ____ and solubility goes ____. | show 🗑
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| As the number of cis double bonds between carbon atoms in FA chains goes up, the MP goes ____ | show 🗑
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| show | Saturated: 0
Mono: 1
Poly: >2 double bonds
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| show | solid.
Exception: fat from cold water fish
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| show | Plants
Exception: coconut oil
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| MUFA: PUFA: | show 🗑
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| Body fat is markedly affected by dietary fat in what types of animals? | show 🗑
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| show | Microbes in rumen tend to saturate dietary PUFAs, and the more saturated the FA, the more they are absorbed and used in animals adipose tissue.
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| What are the functions of essential FAs? | show 🗑
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| show | cell membrane permeability and cell membrane fluidity
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| EFAs are precursors for synthesis of localized hormones involved in: | show 🗑
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| show | -Decreased immune system function
-Impaired blood clotting
-Impaired vision and learning ability
-Dermatalitis (dry, scaly skin), hair loss, rough hair coat, tail necrosis
-Decreased production
-DEATH
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| Sources of EFAS include feeds high in ____, which are mainly source feeds. Examples are: | show 🗑
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| Energy storage as TAG in adipose tissue is almost unlimited why? | show 🗑
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| show | Acetate and cholesterol
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| What are the nutritional aspect importance of dietary fat? | show 🗑
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| show | fat is a concentrated energy source and important for animals with high levels of performance
Fat aids in pelleting diets by lubricating the dye
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| show | Less than 10% dietary fat in diets
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| How much dietary fats do beef cattle require? | show 🗑
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| Greater than 5% dietary fat in diet of beef cattle will: | show 🗑
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| show | oxidative
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| Oxidation of dietary fats will do what to the nutritional value of diet? Give three specific issues. | show 🗑
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| show | Add antioxidants to diet
EX: Vitamin E in feed and body
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| What are three sources of fats as feed ingredients? Give examples of each. | show 🗑
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| What is ketosis? | show 🗑
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| show | PH of body fluids goes down, acidosis results, and it is fatal
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| show | Buffered with alkaline in body fluids
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| How can you treat acidosis in ruminants? | show 🗑
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| show | Give glucose or other readily fermentable CHOS orally.
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| show | Easily-digested carbohydrates or fats
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| show | Grains and their byproducts
Fed to both monogastrics andruminants
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| Grains are high in _____, low in ____, and low in ___. | show 🗑
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| show | Lysine
8/10 EAAs are deficient
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| How can you correct for the lysine deficiency in grains? | show 🗑
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| show | Calcium
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| Grains have a fair amount of which mineral? | show 🗑
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| show | Vitamin D. Vit B12
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| show | Vitamin E
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| Grains are high in what minerals? | show 🗑
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| Why should you not count niacin contribution to diet from grains/grain byprod when formulating monogastric diets? | show 🗑
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| show | milled or de-hulled grains are deficient in thiamin.
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| What are some examples of energy feeds? | show 🗑
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| What are some examples of byproduct catagories that can be classified as energy feeds? | show 🗑
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| show | high in thiamin
Fed as 10-15% of diet as replacement for grain
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| What are the three major mycotoxin-producing molds? | show 🗑
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| Aflotoxins produced by aspergillus flavus cause what problems? | show 🗑
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| Trichothescene is a mycotoxin produced by _____ | show 🗑
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| What mycotoxin has estrogenic activity, and may cause abortion? | show 🗑
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| What mycotoxins can cause gangrene (necrosis), nervous system lesions, or GIT disorders? | show 🗑
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| show | NRC Class 1 & 2 feeds, mainly
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| show | High in crude fiber and low in protein
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| show | "bulk" and some energy
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| What is "bulk" in ruminants? | show 🗑
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| show | Rumen parakeratosis = erosion of papilllae which allows microbial penetration through the mucosa into the body.
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| Rumen parakatosis may lead to what? | show 🗑
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| Carbonaceous roughages include ____ forages and various miscellaneous roughages, such as straw. | show 🗑
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| Native range or prarie grasses are known as | show 🗑
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| show | The slender stems facilitate drying in the field after harvest, which decreases the risk for mold growth (mycotoxins)
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| Timothy hay is lower in ____ than alfalfa hay. Why is this important? | show 🗑
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| show | Miscellaneous Carbonaceous Roughages
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| Sliage (def): | show 🗑
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| Most feeds do not store well if greater than ____% water. | show 🗑
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| show | 50-70%
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| Silage has a low pH, and is therefore acidic. Because of this, it is rarely fed to what types of animals? | show 🗑
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| Silage has low ____, but relatively high ____ for a roughage. | show 🗑
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| show | Pasture: 6-16%CP, 60%+TDN
Hay: 6-12%CP, 58%TDN
Stover, stray: 3-7%CP, Less than 54%TDN
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| show | whole plant
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| Stover or straw refers to: | show 🗑
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| When using grazing sorghu pasture, be sure to not feed after any trauma to the plant. This may cause: | show 🗑
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| Cyanide, created from sorghum pasture that has been stressed, binds to the Fe+3 ligand in the heme moleclue of cytochrome and hemoglobin, which... | show 🗑
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| show | Sodium thiosulfate, sodium nitrite, methylene blue
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| show | 1) high lignin content = poor digestibility
2) low protein content
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| What are the main usages of oat, barley, and wheat straw? | show 🗑
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| Hulls are low in _____, high in crude ___, and ahve low energy value. | show 🗑
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| Oat straw is ____ vs barley and wheat straws | show 🗑
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| Oat straw is used more/less often as a feed source than barely and wheat straws. | show 🗑
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| Excluding water, ___ is the main constituent of organs and soft tissue. | show 🗑
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| show | 21
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| Selenocysteine was the 21st AA to be added to the list of AA building blocks for protein after a ____ was identified for this AA. | show 🗑
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| AA are linked together in proteins by _____ bonds. | show 🗑
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| AAs are organic acids composed of the elements: | show 🗑
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| Non-essential AA are: | show 🗑
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| 10 Essential Amino Acids | show 🗑
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| Methionine can be partially replaced by ______ and phenylalanine can partially be replaced by ___. | show 🗑
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| show | The limiting EAA is the EAA present in a dietary protein in the lease amount relative to the animals requirement for that EAA.
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| True or false: The limiting EAA is the EAA present in the lowest concentration. | show 🗑
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| show | Lysine
Tryptophan
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| True protein: Def | show 🗑
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| show | compounds that are not true protein in nature (do not contain AA) but contain nitrogen that can be converted to AA and microbial protein by microbes in teh rumen of ruminants
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| show | Urea and biuret.
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| show | protein composed of true protein plus other non-protein compounds that contain nitrogen
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| show | %N x 6.25
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| Apparent Digestible protein: def | show 🗑
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| show | kg protein intake - kg protein excreted in feces
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| show | Indigestible dietary protein + metabolic fecal protein (MFP)
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| show | Protein in the feces that was derived from the animal, such as sloughed intestinal cells, microbial protein from microbes in LI, and enzymes
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| show | The portion of the dietary protein that was actually digested and absorbed in the GIT
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| show | Kg TDP = kg protein intake - (total kg protein in feces - kg MFP)
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| show | The amount and ration of essential AA present in dietary protein relative to the AA requirements of the animal.
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| show | Deficient
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| Metabolizable Protein: def | show 🗑
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| Structural protein: def | show 🗑
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| Examples of structural proteins: | show 🗑
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| What are possible functions of non-structural proteins functioning as intact proteins? | show 🗑
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| What are example of peptide hormones: | show 🗑
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| How are proteins involved in the immune system? | show 🗑
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| What do transport proteins do? | show 🗑
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| show | transports Fe in the blood
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| What do receptor proteins do? | show 🗑
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| show | True
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| General signs of protein deficiency: | show 🗑
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| Ruminants do not require a _______ source of EAA but they do have a _____ requirement for the EAA | show 🗑
|
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