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Nutrition 220 MT #2
Midterm #2. Nutrition 220. Cal Poly, Daughtery Lecture.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Loss of more than ____% of body weight in water is fatal to most animals. | 12 |
| What percent of body weight is water? | 40-80% |
| What influences how much BW is water? | AGe and %body fat |
| AT birth, what percent of the body is water? | 65-80% |
| As an adult, what percent of the body weight is water? | 40% (fat) - 65% (skinny) |
| Adipose contains a lot LESS/MORE water. | LESS |
| The 6 major functions of water in animals. | -Water is a good polar solvent -Water is a vehicle for transport of nutrients and wastes -Participates in biochemical reactions as reactant -Body temp regulation -Maintains shape of cells -Lubricates digesta in GIT |
| Why is it important that water is a good polar solvent? | Most nutrients and wastes are water soluble. |
| Water has a high _____ constant meaning it has an opposite _____ attraction. | Electrical Electrostatic |
| How does water help in biochemical reactions? | Breaks down CHOs, TAGs, proteins. |
| What is water's heat of vaporization? | 580 cal |
| 1C = 1 ___/___ | cal/g |
| How does waters high heat of vaporization help the animal? | Evaporation of H20 from skins surfaces and lungs dissipates large amount of heat. |
| What is the significance of water having a very high specific heat? (2) | It can absorb a lot of heat with minimal increase in temp H20 in body acts as "heat sink" |
| What are the three sources of water? | Drinking Water Metabolic water Water in feed |
| How much water is typically in feed? | 10-80% |
| Oxidation of CHO yields ___% of its weight as metabolic water. | 60% |
| Oxidation of fats yields ___% of its weight as metabolic water. | 112% |
| Oxidation of proteins yields ___% of its weight as metabolic water. | 40% |
| What is metabolic water? | H2O generated as products of various biochemical reactions in body - especially oxidation reactions. |
| Metabolic energy supplies how much (%) of daily water requirement for animals w/unlimited access to drinking water. | 5-10% |
| What animals get 100% of their water from metabolic water? | 100 |
| What are the 6 main routes of water loss? | -Urine -Feces -Respired Air -Evaporation of H2O from skin surface via SWEAT GLANDS -Evaporation of H2O from skin surface via PORES -Productive secretions |
| What are the three functions of urine? | -Waste excretion (urea, electrolytes) -Maintain water-electrolyte balance -Maintain constant osmolarity |
| What two factors will effect the quantity of feces lost? | Species Diet |
| An increased intake of indigestible or difficult to digest diet will down will lower/increase the amount of water loss in feces? | INCREASE |
| What is the percent of water loss in feces in: Cattle Sheep | Cattle: 60-80% Sheep: 50% |
| What accounts for the difference in the amount of water loss in feces per species? | length of LI. |
| A longer LI will mean more/less H2O quantity in feces? | LESS |
| As body temperature goes up, what happens that makes pores open? | Increased blood flow to surface of skin? |
| What three methods of water loss are considered "vapor loss"? | Respired Air Evaporation through SWEAT GLANDS Evaporation through PORES |
| What is the function of vapor loss? | body temperature regulation |
| Milk is aprx __% H2O. | 87% |
| Dairy cows give ___g milk/day, which is about ___gl H2O/day. This is equivalent to ____% of the BW. | 15g 13gl 10% |
| In a 500kg "dry" Holstein cow, how much H2O was lost in: Feces (L/D) Urine (L/D) Vapor (L/D) TOTAL (L/d) TOTAL (%body weight) | Feces: 12 Urine: 7 Vapor: 10 (1/3rd) TOTAL: 29 L/D TOTAL (%): 6 |
| How much water does an animal need per day? (2) | 1) Enough to take back what they lose 2) Enough for tissue growth |
| What four factors will affect water losses/requirements? | 1) Environmental factors 2) diet factors 3) state of production 4) Type of "urinary" system |
| As the temperature increases and/or relative humidity decreases, there will be an increased/decreased loss and requirement? | INCREASE |
| Why is there an increased loss and requirement of water when the temp is up and humidity is down? | There are more vapor losses to whole body. |
| AN increased feed intake on dry matter basis will lead to an _____ nutrient intake leading to _____ waste to excrete. | INCREASED MORE |
| What does DMI stand for? | Dry matter intake |
| If you increase the water in diet due to substitutes, there will be ___ change in total water requirement IF ____ remains constant. | NO DMI |
| If you increase the salt or other mineral contents above animals requirements, there will be a(n) _____ of water loss in urine. | INCREASE |
| What is meant by "type of urinary system"? | Method of nitrogen excretion. |
| In mammals, what is the main end waste product from urine? | Urea |
| In avian and reptiles, ____ ____ is the main excretory process (to get rid of nitrogen). | Uric Acid |
| Uric acid in avians and reptiles is voided by feces in almost ____ form. | Solid. |
| What are the four practical reasons for determining content of feces? | 1) Allows equitable comparison of nutrient contents in feed 2) Allows for fair comparison of $/centiweight, DM of different feeds 3)Discover excess moisture 4)Explosion/fire hazard in feed storage |
| Feeds do not store well if there is more than ___% water in feed. | 15 |
| What feeds DO store very well? | Silage |
| Why is it bad to have feeds with excess water? | Promotes microbial growth, which ends up degrading the feed quality by degrading quantity/quality of nutrients. Also, microbial toxins can be deadly |
| Why is there an explosion/fire hazard with over moistened feeds? | Microbial activity produces heat and gases |
| There is less than ____% CHO stored in the animals body. | 1% |
| CHOs in the body are stored as _____. | Glycogen |
| Where is the glycogen that holds CHO stored? Where is the largest quantities? Where is the highest concentration? | Muscle (largest quantity) Liver (highest concentration) Brain |
| Do plants or animals store more energy in CHOs? | Plants |
| How much energy in CHOs does a plant store? | Over 75%, DM |
| When glycogen stores are full, how are excess CHOs stored in the animals body? | As fat |
| What are the main functions of CHOs in animals body? | Energy Source Building blocks for synthesis of important compounds |
| Definition: carbohydrate | Organic compounds composed of C, H, and O and have an average 2:1 ration of H:O. Common abbreviation CHO. |
| Classification of monosaccharides is based on: | 1) number of carbon atoms 2) chemical structure of their carbonyl group 3) stereochemistry |
| Most biologically significant CHOs have a _____ configuration | D |
| DeF: oligosaccharides | Intermeidate length, containing approximately 2-10 monosaccharide units. |
| Definition: polysaccharides | Greater than 10 monosaccharide units. Linked together by glycosidic bonds. |
| The Van Soest System of Carbohydrate Classification and Analysis does what? | separates dietary carbohydrates into fractions based on nutritional availability |
| Nuetral Detergent Fiber (NDF) is | the plant cells wall fraction (i.e), structural carbohydrates) |
| NDF = | cellulose + hemicellulose + lignin (lignin is totally unavailable) |
| Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF) has the _____ nutritional availability. | Lowest |
| ADF = | Cellulose + lignin |
| Neutral Detergent Solubles (NDS) is the fraction containing ____ and ____. | Plant cell contents Pectin |
| NDS includes: It is the more/less digestible CHO fraciton | Soluble CHO, starch, organic acids, pectin, and protein. MORE |
| Pentoses are mainly found in _____ origin that contain high ____. | plant origin high fiber |
| Pentoses are _______. | Monosaccharides |
| Two examples of pentoses are | ribose,xylose |
| Ribose is present in all living cells as: | a component of nucleic acids (DNA, RNA) |
| Ribose is a precursor for the synthesis of the essential amino acid ______. | Histidine |
| Ribose is a component of several ______, and ______, and _______. | Vitamins Coenzymes Nucleotides |
| Examples of the vitamins that ribose is a component of: | riboflavin, vit B12 |
| Examples of the coenzymes that ribose is a component of: | FAD, NAD, NADP, CoA |
| Example of the nucleotides that ribose is a component of: | ATP, GTP |
| Hexoses is a ______. | Monosaccharide |
| Hexoses are the most _____ simple sugar | common |
| Three most common hexoses: | Glucose Fructose Galactose |
| What is the basic unit in many polysaccharides? | Glucose |
| Because grains are a major component of many monogastric omnivore diets, what is the major end product of CHO digestion in non-ruminant diets? | GLUCOSE |
| Glucose is the main _____ in blood and is a major _____ source for body cells. | SUGAR ENERGY SOURCE |
| An excessive intake of what hexose may cause illness or death? | Fructose |
| Of all the sugars, which has the greatest perception of sweetness? | Fructose |
| Galactose occurs in milk as a component of the disaccharide _____. | Milk Lactose |
| Galactose occurs in the leaves of plants as ______. | Galactolipids |
| There are galactosides in ____ and ____ tissue. | Brain and nerve tissue |
| The two types of oligosaccharides are? | Disaccharides Trisaccharides |
| Sucrose is made of alpha-linked glucose and _____. It is found in sugar cane and ____ _____. | Fructose Sugar beets |
| Maltose is made of alpha-linked glucose + _____. | Glucose |
| What disaccharide is the intermediate breakdown product of starch in digestion? | Maltose |
| What are the three most common disaccharides? | Sucrose Maltose Lactose |
| Lactose is made of ________ + glucose (Beta-glycosidic linkage) | Galactose |
| Raffinose is a ________. | Trisaccharide |
| Raffinose is found in legume beans and ______. | cottonseed |
| Raffinose consists of _____, _____, and fructose. | Galactose, glucose |
| The bond between glucose and fructose in Raffinose is an ___glycosidic linkage hydrolysable by _____. | alpha-glycosidic sucrase |
| In raffinose, the bond between glucose and galactose can/cannot be digested. | Cannot |
| What happens to the remaining glucose and galactose that cannot be digested from raffinose? | It is passed as a disaccharide into the large intestine and causes gas via microbial fermentation . |
| Why are polysaccharides different from monosaccharides? | Poly serve mainly as molecules for structural support in plants, or as storage forms of monosaccharides. |
| Polysaccharides are composed of large numbers of _____ or ____ molecules. | Pentose Hexose |
| 7 polysaccharides are? | Starch Glycogen Cellulose Lignin Pectin Cereal Grain Beta-glucan (non-starch polysaccharide) |
| Starch is found in ____ but not ____. | Plants, but not animals |
| Starch is present in may plants as an ____ reserve CHO. | Energy |
| Starch is highly digestible by monogastrics and ruminants. Why? | It is composed of many glucose molecules connected by alpha glycosidic linkages. |
| Starch is a major component of many food animal diets and is the primary energy source for livestock. TRUE/FALSE | TRUE |
| What are the two forms of starch? | Amylose Amylopectin |
| Amylose, a starch, is made of: | straight chains of glucose in alpha-1,4 linkages |
| Amylopectin is make of: | straight chains of glucose in alpha-1,4 glucosidic linkage with branching via alpha-1,6 linkages |
| How much amylose does a typical starch contain? How much amylopectin? | Amylose: 20-30% Amylopectin: 70-80% |
| Raw starch has a crystalline structure and is laid down in ____. | Granules |
| The organized hydrogent-bonded structure of raw starch is insoluble in water below ____degrees C. | 55 |
| Raw starch is only about ____% digestible by monogastrics. It is also resistant to digestion by _________. | 50% Alpha-amylase |
| What is starch gelatinization? | When an aqueous suspension of starch granules is heated, the granules imbibe water, swell up, and the structure is converted to a more disorganized structure. This is more digestible. |
| Glycogen is found in ____, not _____. | animals, not plants |
| Glycogen is a carbohydrate storage form in animals. Where are the highest concentrations? | Liver, muscle |
| What is glycogen composed of? | Many glucose molecuels connected by alpha-1,4 linkages and branch chains of glucose via alpha-1,6l linkages |
| What is the main difference between glycogen, and amylopectin (a starch)? | Glycogen has more glucose molecules between branch points than amylopectin. |
| How many glucose reside between branch points in glycogen? In amylopectin? | Glycogen: 10-14 Amylopectin: 20-25 |
| The greater degree of branching in glycogen vs. amylopectin does what? | Renders glycogen readily soluble in cold water with a relatively low viscosity vs. starch |
| The solubility and low viscosity of glycogen does what? | Renders the glycogen readily catabolizable by endogenous enzymes. |
| What accounts for glycogen's solubility in cold water and its ready access to enzymes? | The more extensive branching pattern, which interferes with intra and intermolecular hydrogen bonding of glycogen chains |
| What is cellulose composed of? | Many glucose molecules connected by BETA-1,4 glycosidic linkages |
| What enzyme is required to digest cellulose? Who produces it? Who does not? | Cellulase Mammals do not produce it, but microbes do |
| 1) Cellulose is poorly digested by what types of mammals? Why? 2) Cellulose is digested well in what types of animals? | 1) Monogastrics -The animals do not produce cellulase 2)Ruminants and horses |
| What feed is almost pure cellulose? | Cotton |
| What is the main structural component of plant cell walls and high fiber feeds? | Cellulose |
| Hemicellulose is considered a soluble _____ source. | Fiber |
| Hemicellulose is a ________ _____ in plants. | Structural CHO |
| Lignin is not digestible by whom? Who CAN digest it? | Not digested by animal and many microbes. Digestible by some aerobic bacteria and fungi. |
| Lignin contents of plants ____ with age | Increase |
| What does lignin do to cellulose digestibility? Why? | Lignin decreases cellulose digestibility due to cross-links with cellulose. |
| Where is pectin found? | Mostly in the middle lamella (interstitial spaces between cells) in plant tissues. |
| Where is pectin digested, and by what? | Pectin is digested in lieum and large intestine by microbes. |
| No mammalian enzyme is capable of digesting pectin. True or false? | TRUE |
| Cereal grain Beta-glucan is a non-________ polysaccharide and is non-_______ by mammals. | non-starch non-digestible |
| Of the cereal grains, which feeds contain more B-glucans? | Rye and barley |
| What polysaccharide contributes to vent pasting in chickens? How can the pasting be avoided? What is bad about pasting? | Cereal Grain B-Glucan Pasting can be prevented by including enxymes needed to digest the B-gucans in diet. The pasting may inhibit defecation |
| What are glycosaminoglycans (GAG)s? | Linear polysaccharides composed of repeating disaccharide units that consist of a hexosamine and a uronic acid that are attached to proteins to form proteoglyans and glycoproteins. |
| GAG's are made up of a hexosamine and uronic acid. What hexosamines may be used? | N-acetylGLUCOsamine or N-acetylGALACTOsamine |
| What is the purpose of GAGs? | -Joint lubrication -Help maintain structural shape -Provide a passageway for cell migration |
| Where are GAGs mainly found? What do they produce while there? | The extracellular spaces in mammalian tissues attached to proteins. They produce a viscous extracellular matrix that is resistant to compression. |
| What are the five main GAGs? | 1) Chondroitin Sulfate 2) Hyaluronic Acid 3) Dermatan Sulfate 4) Keratan Sulfate 5) Heparin, and heparin Sulfate |
| Condroitin sulfate is made of what? | Repeating units of D-glucuroinic acid and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine with sulfate ester groups on both monosaccharide units |
| What kind of sugar is chondroitin sulfate? | A polysaccharide |
| Where is chondroitin sulfate found? | Collagen in bond, cartilage, etc |
| Definition: Lipid | Organic compound composed of C, H, O with more C and H vs O than carbs |
| Lipids are soluble/unsoluble in water | insoluble |
| Fats contain ____ times as much energy per unit wt vs CHO or protein | 2.25 |
| A neutral fat is one that has no net charge, and therefore... | does not affect pH |
| In animals, FA are C__ to C__. In plants, FA are C__ to C__. Which is longer? | Animals: 16-22 Plants: 10-22 |
| What two factors influence the melting point and solubility properties of fats? | Carbon chain length and number of cis double bonds between carbon atoms |
| As the FA chain length goes up, MP goes ____ and solubility goes ____. | MP goes up Sol. goes down |
| As the number of cis double bonds between carbon atoms in FA chains goes up, the MP goes ____ | Down |
| How many cis doubles bonds do saturated fats, monounsaturated FAs, and polyunsaturated FAs have? | Saturated: 0 Mono: 1 Poly: >2 double bonds |
| Saturated fats are found to a greater degree in animal fat, and tend to be ____ at room temperature. What is the exception to the rule? | solid. Exception: fat from cold water fish |
| PUFAs are found in greater degrees in ____. What is the exception? | Plants Exception: coconut oil |
| MUFA: PUFA: | MUFA: monounsaturated FA PUFA: polyunsaturated FA |
| Body fat is markedly affected by dietary fat in what types of animals? | Monogastrics |
| In ruminant herbivores, the diets are high in PUFAs but their body fat is less affected by the nature of dietary fat. Why? | Microbes in rumen tend to saturate dietary PUFAs, and the more saturated the FA, the more they are absorbed and used in animals adipose tissue. |
| What are the functions of essential FAs? | -They are structural components of phospholipids in the lipid bilayer of all membranes -Serve as precurssors for the synthesis of other PUFAs needed by body - Precursors for synthesis of localized hormones |
| EFAs are components of phospholipid bilayer in cell membrane where they influence: | cell membrane permeability and cell membrane fluidity |
| EFAs are precursors for synthesis of localized hormones involved in: | blood clotting immune system funciotning mediator of inflammation regulations of female reproductive cycle (Prosteglandin) |
| 6 signs of EFA deficiency | -Decreased immune system function -Impaired blood clotting -Impaired vision and learning ability -Dermatalitis (dry, scaly skin), hair loss, rough hair coat, tail necrosis -Decreased production -DEATH |
| Sources of EFAS include feeds high in ____, which are mainly source feeds. Examples are: | high in PUFAs examples: olive oil, canola oil, corn oil, fish oil, soybean oil |
| Energy storage as TAG in adipose tissue is almost unlimited why? | Because fat is stored in its own tissue (adipose) vs energy storage as glycogen (which is stored in organs and other tissues) |
| ____ and _____ (FAs) are precursors to the synthesis of all steroids. | Acetate and cholesterol |
| What are the nutritional aspect importance of dietary fat? | Source of EFAs They serve as carrier for absorption of fat soluble nutrients and components, such as EFAs, vitamins ADKE, and carotene |
| What are the practical aspect importance of dietary fat? | fat is a concentrated energy source and important for animals with high levels of performance Fat aids in pelleting diets by lubricating the dye |
| how much dietary fat do monogastrics require? | Less than 10% dietary fat in diets |
| How much dietary fats do beef cattle require? | Less than 5% fat in diet |
| Greater than 5% dietary fat in diet of beef cattle will: | decrease feed intake decrease microbial CHO digestibility in rumen |
| PUFAs are more susceptible to ______ destruction. | oxidative |
| Oxidation of dietary fats will do what to the nutritional value of diet? Give three specific issues. | seriously degrade value of diet. 1) EFAs may be destroyed 2) Fat soluble vitamins may be destroyed 3) Decrease in the energy value by 35% |
| How can you prevent oxygen degradation of PUFAs? Examples. | Add antioxidants to diet EX: Vitamin E in feed and body |
| What are three sources of fats as feed ingredients? Give examples of each. | Animal Source: lard. tallow Vegetable: corn oil, soybean oil Restaurant grease: mixture of veg and animal fats |
| What is ketosis? | A metabolic disease resulting from excess keto acids in blood due to imbalance in body between CHO and lipid metabolism |
| When there is a severe excess of keto acids, the acids are excreted in urine, which leads to a loss in alkaline buffers. When the reserve of buffers is depleted, what happens? | PH of body fluids goes down, acidosis results, and it is fatal |
| Keto acids must be ____ with _____ in body fluids. | Buffered with alkaline in body fluids |
| How can you treat acidosis in ruminants? | Infuse propylene glycol into rumen for approximately 10 days |
| What should you NOT do to treat acidosis in ruminants? | Give glucose or other readily fermentable CHOS orally. |
| High energy concentrate feeds are feeds high in __________ or ___. | Easily-digested carbohydrates or fats |
| High Energy Concentrate feeds consist mostly of ____ and are fed to ____ and _____. | Grains and their byproducts Fed to both monogastrics andruminants |
| Grains are high in _____, low in ____, and low in ___. | High in energy Low in crude fiber and crude protein |
| Grains are deficient in ______ (EAA) and how many of the EAAs? | Lysine 8/10 EAAs are deficient |
| How can you correct for the lysine deficiency in grains? | Protein suppement or add lysine HCL to diet |
| Grains are low in which minerals? | Calcium |
| Grains have a fair amount of which mineral? | Phosphorus |
| Grains are low in which Vitamin? Devoid of what mineral? | Vitamin D. Vit B12 |
| Grains have a fair amount of what mineral? | Vitamin E |
| Grains are high in what minerals? | Thiamin and Niacin |
| Why should you not count niacin contribution to diet from grains/grain byprod when formulating monogastric diets? | Niacin is in a complex form called niacytin, which is an unavailable form of niacin for monogastrics. |
| Thiamin is only found in the outer hull and germ portions of grains, meaning.... | milled or de-hulled grains are deficient in thiamin. |
| What are some examples of energy feeds? | Cereal Grains (corn, oat, barley) Sorghum Grains (milo) Byproducts (rice brain, wheat bran) |
| What are some examples of byproduct catagories that can be classified as energy feeds? | Dried bakery byproduct (dried, or ground bread products) Molasses Bran |
| Brans are high in _____, are a mild laxative, and are fed generally no at a max of ______% of the diet as a replacement for grain. | high in thiamin Fed as 10-15% of diet as replacement for grain |
| What are the three major mycotoxin-producing molds? | Aspergillus Fusarium Penicillium |
| Aflotoxins produced by aspergillus flavus cause what problems? | Liver damage Hemorrhaging in GIT and kidneys carcinogenic suppress immune system |
| Trichothescene is a mycotoxin produced by _____ | Fusarium |
| What mycotoxin has estrogenic activity, and may cause abortion? | zearalenone |
| What mycotoxins can cause gangrene (necrosis), nervous system lesions, or GIT disorders? | Ergot (black mold) |
| Carbonaceous Roughages are what class? | NRC Class 1 & 2 feeds, mainly |
| Roughages are high in _____ and low in ____. | High in crude fiber and low in protein |
| The main use of roughages in ruminant diets to supply ______ and some _____ that ruminal microbes can extract. | "bulk" and some energy |
| What is "bulk" in ruminants? | The physical stimulation of the ruminal lining (mucosa) by roughages required to maintain a healthy epithelium. |
| Insuffecient bulk in ruminant diet can lead to what? | Rumen parakeratosis = erosion of papilllae which allows microbial penetration through the mucosa into the body. |
| Rumen parakatosis may lead to what? | Liver absesses, which may lead to systemic infection if they rupture. |
| Carbonaceous roughages include ____ forages and various miscellaneous roughages, such as straw. | non-legume |
| Native range or prarie grasses are known as | Non legume forages |
| Why is Timothy grass a poular hay for horses? | The slender stems facilitate drying in the field after harvest, which decreases the risk for mold growth (mycotoxins) |
| Timothy hay is lower in ____ than alfalfa hay. Why is this important? | lower in CA This helps balance the Ca:P ration and decrease excess CA in alfalfa hay-based horse diets. |
| Corn or Sorghum Silages (NRC Class 3 Feeds) are known as | Miscellaneous Carbonaceous Roughages |
| Sliage (def): | The product of lactic acid-producing fermentation of green forage crops that have been compressed and stored under anaerobic conditions |
| Most feeds do not store well if greater than ____% water. | 15% |
| Silages are aprx _____% water. | 50-70% |
| Silage has a low pH, and is therefore acidic. Because of this, it is rarely fed to what types of animals? | Horses |
| Silage has low ____, but relatively high ____ for a roughage. | Low Protein High Energy |
| What are the %CP and %TDN for: Pasture, fresh Hay or Fodder Stover or Straw | Pasture: 6-16%CP, 60%+TDN Hay: 6-12%CP, 58%TDN Stover, stray: 3-7%CP, Less than 54%TDN |
| Fodder refers to: | whole plant |
| Stover or straw refers to: | Residue left in the filed after harvesting |
| When using grazing sorghu pasture, be sure to not feed after any trauma to the plant. This may cause: | Hydrocyanic acid toxicity and death |
| Cyanide, created from sorghum pasture that has been stressed, binds to the Fe+3 ligand in the heme moleclue of cytochrome and hemoglobin, which... | inhibits cellular respiration and oxygen transport |
| What is the antidote for cyanide poisoning? | Sodium thiosulfate, sodium nitrite, methylene blue |
| Why do oat, barley, and wheat straw have very low feeding value? | 1) high lignin content = poor digestibility 2) low protein content |
| What are the main usages of oat, barley, and wheat straw? | Bulk in ruminant diets bedding material |
| Hulls are low in _____, high in crude ___, and ahve low energy value. | Low in protein High in crude fiber |
| Oat straw is ____ vs barley and wheat straws | softer |
| Oat straw is used more/less often as a feed source than barely and wheat straws. | MORE |
| Excluding water, ___ is the main constituent of organs and soft tissue. | Protein |
| How many amino acids serve as building blocks for protein synthesis in animals? | 21 |
| Selenocysteine was the 21st AA to be added to the list of AA building blocks for protein after a ____ was identified for this AA. | tRNA |
| AA are linked together in proteins by _____ bonds. | Peptide |
| AAs are organic acids composed of the elements: | C,H,O,N |
| Non-essential AA are: | the AA not required in diet because the animals can sythesize sufficient quantities to meet its reuirements for protein synthesis |
| 10 Essential Amino Acids | Phenylalanine Threonine Valine Tryptophan Isoleucine Methionine Histidine Arginine Leucine Lysine |
| Methionine can be partially replaced by ______ and phenylalanine can partially be replaced by ___. | Cystine Tyrosine |
| Limiting EAA Def: | The limiting EAA is the EAA present in a dietary protein in the lease amount relative to the animals requirement for that EAA. |
| True or false: The limiting EAA is the EAA present in the lowest concentration. | FALSE |
| The most limiting EAA in cereal grains for monogastrics is ___ followed closely by _____. | Lysine Tryptophan |
| True protein: Def | A protein that is composed only of AA |
| Non-Protein Nitrogen: Def | compounds that are not true protein in nature (do not contain AA) but contain nitrogen that can be converted to AA and microbial protein by microbes in teh rumen of ruminants |
| What are examples of non-protein nitrogen? | Urea and biuret. |
| Crude Protein: Def | protein composed of true protein plus other non-protein compounds that contain nitrogen |
| %CP = ____ x ____ | %N x 6.25 |
| Apparent Digestible protein: def | the portion of dietary protein that the animal "apparently" digested and absorbed in the GIT |
| kg ADP =_____ - _____ | kg protein intake - kg protein excreted in feces |
| Protein in the feces is composed of _____ + _______ | Indigestible dietary protein + metabolic fecal protein (MFP) |
| What is Metabolic Fecal Protein? | Protein in the feces that was derived from the animal, such as sloughed intestinal cells, microbial protein from microbes in LI, and enzymes |
| What is True Digestible Protein? | The portion of the dietary protein that was actually digested and absorbed in the GIT |
| kg TDP = ________ - (_____-______) | Kg TDP = kg protein intake - (total kg protein in feces - kg MFP) |
| What does Protein quality refer to? | The amount and ration of essential AA present in dietary protein relative to the AA requirements of the animal. |
| A low quality protein is _____ in one or more EAA in relation to the animals requirements. | Deficient |
| Metabolizable Protein: def | the net quantity of true protein or AA absorbed from the GIT in ruminants |
| Structural protein: def | Protein is a basic structural unit of animal tissues and organs, i.e., protein is serving as a building material |
| Examples of structural proteins: | collagen elastin karatin contractile proteins in muscles (myosin, actin, etc) |
| What are possible functions of non-structural proteins functioning as intact proteins? | Enzymes Hormones Antibodies Transport proteins Receptor proteins |
| What are example of peptide hormones: | insulin, Growth Hormone, Parathyroid hormone |
| How are proteins involved in the immune system? | As antibodies, which mark foreign invaders for destruction |
| What do transport proteins do? | Transport and deliver nutrients and other important metabolites to tissues. |
| Transferrin, a transport protein, does what? | transports Fe in the blood |
| What do receptor proteins do? | Nutrient acquisition, metabolic and physiological regulation, information transmission (hormone receptors, etc) |
| A protein deficienty will affect almost all body systems. True/False | True |
| General signs of protein deficiency: | -prompt decrease in feed intake within 24 hours of consuming a deficient diet. -decreased disease resistance -impaired production -fluid accumulation in abdomen |
| Ruminants do not require a _______ source of EAA but they do have a _____ requirement for the EAA | Dietary source tissue requirement |
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