Veterinary Medical Terminology Chapter 2
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| plane | imaginary lines that are used descriptively to divide the body into sections
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| positional terms | describe body locations and relationships of one body structure to another
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| caudal | toward the tail
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| ventral | refers to the belly or underside of a body or body part
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| palmar | the caudal surface of the manus (front paw) including the carpus
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| lateral | away from the midline
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| proximal | nearest the midline or nearest to the beginning of a structure
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| plantar | the caudal surface of the pes (rear paw) including the tarsus
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| deep | away from the surface
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| medial | toward the midline
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| cephalic | pertaining to the head
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| distal | farthest from the midline or farthest from the beginning of a structure
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| superficial | near the surface
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| rostral | nose end of the head
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| cranial | toward the head
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| dorsal | refers to the back
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| midsaggital plane | plane that divides the body into equal right and left halves
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| sagittal plane | plane that divides the body into unequal right and left parts
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| dorsal plane | plane that divides the body into dorsal and ventral parts
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| transverse plane | plane that divides the body into cranial and caudal parts
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| hyster/o | uterus
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| metr/o | uterus
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| uter/o | uterus
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| metri/o | uterus
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| oophor/o | ovaries
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| ovari/o | ovaries
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| dermat/o | skin
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| cutane/o | skin
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| derm/o | skin
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| optic/o | sight
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| ot/o | ears
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| aud/i | ears
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| aur/i | external ear
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| aur/o | external ear
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| coust/o | sound
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| acous/o | sound
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| adren/o | adrenals
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| orch/o | testes
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| orchi/o | testes
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| testicul/o | testes
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| gonad/o | gonads
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| pineal/o | pineal
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| pituit/o | pituitary
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| thyroid/o | thryoid
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| thyr/o | thyroid
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| neur/o | nerves
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| neur/i | nerves
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| ocul/o | eyes
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| opti/i | eyes
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| opt/o | eyes
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| myel/o | spinal cord
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| encephal/o | brain
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| endocrine glands | groups of cells that secrete their chemical substances directly in to the bloodstream which transports them throughout the body
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| exocrine glands | groups of cells that secrete their chemical substances into ducts that lead out of the body or to another organ
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| organ | part of the body that performs a special function or functions
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| hist/o | combining form for tissue
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| tissue | group of specialized cells that is similar in structure and function
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| histology | the study of the structure, composition, and function of tissue
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| genetic disorder | any inherited disease or condition caused by defective genes
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| congenital | denotes something that is present at birth
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| anomaly | deviation from what is regarded as normal
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| dorsal recumbency | lying on the back
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| ventral recumbency | lying on the belly
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| left lateral recumbency | lying on the left side
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| right lateral recumbency | lying on the right side
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| cytology | study of cells
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| retroperitoneal | superficial to the peritoneum
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| adduction | movement toward the midline
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| abduction | movement away from the midline
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| cyt/o | cell
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| peritonitis | inflammation of the peritoneum
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| mesentery | layer of the pertoneum that suspends parts of the intestine in the abdominal cavity
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| anaplasia | change in the structure of cells and their orientation to each other
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| aplasia | lack of development of an organ or a tissue or a cell
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| -plasia | suffix used to describe formation, development, and growth in the number of cells in an organ or tissue
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| -trophy | suffix that means formation, development, and growth in the size of an organ or a tissue or individual cells.
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| dysplasia | abnormal growth or development of an organ or a tissue or a cell
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| hyperplasia | abnormal increase in the number of normal cells in normal arrangement in an organ or a tissue
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| hypoplasia | incomplete or less than normal development of an organ or a tissue ora a cell
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| neoplasia | abnormal new growth of tissue in which multiplication of cells is uncontrolled, more rapid than normal, and progressive
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| benign | not recurring
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| malignant | tending to spread and be life threatening
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| -oma | tumor or neoplasm
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| atrophy | decrease in size or complete wasting of an organ or tissue or cell
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| dystrophy | defective growth in the size of an organ or tissue or cell
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| hypertrophy | increase in the size of an organ or tissue or cell
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| adip/o | combining form for fat
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| epithelial tissue or epithelium | covers internal and external body surfaces and is made up of tightly packed cells in a variety of arrangements
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| body cavity | hole or hollow space in the bdoy that contains and protects internal organs
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| cranial cavity | hollow space that contains the brain in the skull
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| spinal cavity | hollow space that contains the spinal cord within the spinal column
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| peritoneal cavity | hollow space within the abdominal cavity between the parietal peritoneum and visceral pertoneum
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| abdominal cavity | hollow space that contains the major organs of digestion located between the diaphragm and pelvic cavity
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| thoracic cavity | hollow space that contains the heart and lungs within the ribs between the neck and diaphragm
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| pelvic cavity | hollow space that contains the reproductive and some excretory systems organs bounded by the pelvic bones
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| dental arcade | how teeth are arranged in the mouth
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| physi/o | combining form meaning nature
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| path/o | combining form meaning disease
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| eti/o | combining form meaning to cause
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| -logist | specialist
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| card/o | combining form for heart
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| lingual surface | aspect of the tooth that faces the tongue
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| palatal surface | the tooth surface of the maxilla that faces the tongue
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| buccal surface | aspect of the tooth that faces the cheek
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| occlusal surfaces | aspects of the teeth that meet when the animal chews
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| labial surface | tooth surface facing the lips
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| contact surface | aspects of the tooth that touch other teeth
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| mesial contact surface | one closest to to the midline of the dental arcade arch
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| distal contact surface | one furthest from the midline of the dental arcade
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| anatomy | study of body structure
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