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SPHSC 100B exam 2
Question | Answer |
---|---|
Prosody | Suprasegmental aspects of language that convey meaning and mood, such as rate, intonation and stress. Melody of speech. Vocal expressiveness. |
Components of Prosody | Rate, Pausing, Stress, Intonation, Inflection |
What is stress? | "Accent by loudness" Change in: Loudness (usually louder), Pitch (usually higher), Duration (usually longer) |
What is intonation? | The total pattern of pitch changes that are superimposed over an utterance. Can be used to add meaning, to clarify, or reinforce what you say. The melody of a language which adds to the message. |
Intonation | There are specific intonation patterns that most people follow when speaking. "I am going to the store" (Declarative) "Am I going to the store?" (Interrogative-Yes-No Questions) |
What is Inflection? | Changes in pitch that occur within words as you speak. Pitch "glides" or "slides" that are done very smoothly. "Word intonation" |
What is a normal voice? | A normal voice is judged according to whether the pitch, loudness, and quality are adequate for communication and suit a particular person. Involves three subsystems: Respiration, Phonation, and Resonance. |
What is a voice disorder? | Voice is a problem when the pitch, loudness, or quality calls attention to itself rather than to what the speaker is saying. It is also a problem if the speaker is experiencing pain or discomfort when speaking or singing. |
Types of Voice Disorder (Organic) | Physical difference or damage to the voice mechanism caused by disease or trauma, "organic lesion/damage" (ie surgical, environmental, physical) Unrelated to the way voice has been used. |
Functional | Misuse of the voice or phonotraumatic behavior/event |
Organic Lesions we discussed | Vocal nodules, Laryngopharyngeal Reflux (LPR), Cleft palate, contact ulcers/granulomas, laryngeal cancer, muscle tension dysphonia, vocal nodules, Reinke's edema. |
Muscle Tension Dysphonia | Strained vocal tract |
Vocal Nodules | Calluses of the VFs due to misuse |
Reflux Laryngitis | Irritation of the VFs due to acid reflux |
Contact Ulcers/Granulomas | Ulcers (sores) that can lead to tissue growths |
Reinke's Edema | Swelling of the VFs |
Laryngeal Cancer | Carcinoma (tumor) in the larynx. |
Cleft Palate | Absence of hard and/or soft palate |
Speech: Verbal means of communicating | Speech sounds, fluency (rhythm of speech), voice (using VFs and breathing to produce speech sounds) |
Language: Socially shared rules (Symbolic; meaningful) | Word meanings, how to make different words (friend vs. friendly), putting words together (syntax). |
Speech Disorder | Inability to produce sounds correctly or fluently. |
Language Disorder | Trouble understand others (receptive language disorder). Trouble expressing ideas, thoughts, and feelings (expressive language disorder). |
Apraxia of Speech | Motor speech disorder. Caused by neurological damage. Severity depends on nature of brain damage. |
Apraxia of Speech continues... | Linguistic expression is in tact, difficulty with muscle movement coordination, make frequent tries and re-adjustments. |
Aphasia | Disorder of language. Neurological damage. Understanding and expression of language impaired. May co-occur with AOS. Two broad types: fluent and non fluent. |
Fluent (Wernicke's) Aphasia | Left temporal lobe damage. Signs/symptoms: long sentences, no meaning, addition of unnecessary words/non words, difficulty understanding speech, unawareness of errors |
Non fluent (Broca's) Aphasia | Damage to frontal lobe of brain, speak in short phrases, omission of function words, usually fairly good language comprehension, often aware of their difficulties. |
Dysarthria | Motor speech disorder, results from neurologic injury, characterized by poor articulation, a disorder of muscle weakness. |
Three Respiration Types | Determined by which structures move the most when you breathe. Abdominal (diaphragmatic), Thoracic (chest cavity), Clavicular (collar bone). |
Which is the best type? | Abdominal is the most efficient (the most air for the least work) and effective (producing and sustaining loud, clear tones) |