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WVSOM - Nutrition-4
Vitamin and Mineral Supplements
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Supplements on the market | 29,000 |
| US population that consumes a vitamin/mineral supplement | > 1/2 |
| Reasons for taking a supplement | Nutritional needs, health insurance; based on friends advice |
| Proportion of people that take a multivitamin | 1 in 5 |
| Vitamins that people take megadoses of | Vitamin C, E, betacarotene, iron, calcium |
| Taking supplements | Costly, but harmless; sometimes both costly and harmful |
| Is self-prescribed supplementation advised? | NO |
| Arguments for supplements | Correct overt deficiencies, support increased nutrient needs, improve nutrition status, improves body's defenses, reduce disease risks |
| Who needs supplements? | People with nutrtitional deficiencies; people with low energy intake (< 1600 kcal/day); vegans and those with atrophic gastritis need B12; people with lactose intolerance, milk allergies, inadequate intake of dietary foods |
| Willoughby study | Energy drink consumption acutely increases platelet aggregation and decreases endothelial function in healthy young adults; thus, raising risk of mycardial infarction |
| Places where Red Bull is restricted | France, Uruguay, Denmark; because of health risks listed on can |
| Energy drink facts | Provide energy boost or dietary supplement; contain caffeine (up to 500mg) and other additives, such as taurine, ginseng, carntitine (act as stimulants) |
| Who else needs supplements? | Infants (fluoride, iron); women of childbearing age (folate); pregnant women (folate, iron); elderly (B12, vitamin D); people with diseases, infections, injuries, surgery (affects nutrient digestion, absorption, metabolism); people taking medication |
| Arguments against supplements | Toxicity, life-threatening misinformation, unknown needs, false sense of security |
| More invalid arguments against supplements | Soil & food contain inadequate nutrients, supplements provide energy, enhance athletic performance/lean body mass, help cope with stress, prevent/treat/cure conditions, bioavailability and antagonisitc conditions |
| Weight loss diets | Fad diets are not safe and affective for weight loss, should be research based, guidelines for identifying fad diets and weight-loss scams |
| Label claims | 1. according to specific criteria, 2. lack of nutrient = deficiency, 3. scientifically supported health claims, 4. diagnose, treat, cure, relieve common complaints (not about specific disease), 5. structure-function claims accompanied by FDA disclaimer |
| Diet's achievements | Don't count kcal's, satisfy hunger, follow a plan, limit choices |
| Size of weight loss market ($$) | $60 BILLION! |
| Weight loss supplements | Increase fat oxidation during exercise, acutely increase energy expenditure & fat metabolism, cause long-term adaptations that promote fat metabolism, impair fat absorption, prevent weight gain after weight loss, increase weight loss, suppress appetite |
| Popularity for "fat burner" supplements | Health improvement, weight loss |
| What metabolizes caffeine? | Cytochrome P-450 oxidase system |
| % of free caffeine being excreted in the urine | 1-3% |
| Results of study with obese people supplemented with caffeine | Caffeine ingestion has potential to enhance metabolism, but may not be potent enough alone to act as weight loss product if ingested over longer period of time or in habitually high-caffeine consumers |
| Source of carnitine | Meat |
| Function of carnitine | Transport long-chain FA across mitochondrial inner membrane (permeable to long-chain FA and fatty acyl-CoA esters) |
| Does oral carnitine ingestion change muscle carnitine concentration? | NO |
| Does resting muscle have enough free carnitine to allow carnitine palmitoyl transferase to function at Vmax? | YES |
| Active ingredients in "fat burner" supplements | Caffeine, carnitine, chromium, fucoxanthin, green tea extracts, kelp, taurine, conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), forskolin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) tea |
| Chromium | Said to be "muscle builder" and "fat burner"; claims not supported; lab tests indicate that it causes chromosomal damage |
| Forskolin | Produced from Coleus plant; reduces body fat mass; only one study; looks promising |
| Green tea extract | Has potential to increase fat metabolism at rest, during exercise, & may help lose body fat and weight; effects relatively small; metabolic mechanism not completely understood |
| Kelp | Brown seaweed |
| Taurine | Insufficient evidence that taurine has stimulating effect on fat metabolism; does warrant further investigation |
| Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) | Isomer of omega-6 essential FA linoleic acid |
| CLA studies | More effective in animals than humans |
| Fucoxanthin | Carotenoid found in seaweed |
| Fucoxantin study | Resulted in significant reduction of white adipose tissue in 4 weeks; may be biased (author works for company that holds patents for fucoxanthin); only one study |
| The only "true" fat burning supplements | Activity i.e. EXERCISE! |
| Nutritional ergogenic aids | Stimulants (caffeine); creatine; vitamin A, C, E; carnitine; androstenedione |
Created by:
JaneO
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