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Infancy Test 1
Chapters 1-4 and lectures
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Gene | Basic unit of hereditary |
| Fraternal twins | When two ova are released in a month and each fertilized by a different sperm. |
| Sex chromosomes | 23rd pair |
| Erickson - psychosocial development | Trust Vs. Mistrust Autonomy Vs.Shame and doubt Initiative vs. guilt Industry Vs.Inferiority |
| Scaffolding | Vygotsky |
| micro, meso, exo, macro | closest, more often, once a year, rarely |
| Brofenbrenner | Ecological systems theory |
| John Locke | clean slate, NO dispositions, social approval |
| Rousseau | inherently good, natural and moral, express impulse |
| Darwin | Baby biography |
| G Stanely Hall | Founder of Child Development |
| Alfred Binet 1900’s | first standardized testing |
| Psychoanalytic theory | Freud’s stages of psychosexual dev. And Erickson’s psychosocial |
| Stages of Psychosexual development | oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital |
| Sucking fixation-can lead to alcoholism | oral stage 0-1 |
| Anal stage 1-3 | strictness during potty training can lead to anal retentiveness |
| Phallic Stage 3-6 | Stimulation of genitals, beginning of masturbation |
| Latency stage | 5-6 become immersed in school work, sex at bay, playmates same |
| Trust vs mistrust | 0-1- learns to rely on caregivers, mother and environment |
| Autonomy vs. shame | desire to make choices, self control and regulation 1-3 |
| Initiative vs. Guilt | add initiative, achieve goals by planning and attacking 3-6 |
| Industry vs. inferiority | become absorbed and implement skills, master basics 6-12 |
| Behaviorism | John B. Watson and B.F Skinner conditioning |
| John B Watson | Classical Conditioning |
| Classical Conditioning | Cause and effect- hot stove and future encounters |
| B.F. Skinner | Operant conditioning |
| Operant Conditioning | incentive – potty training and rewarding good behavior |
| Scaffolding | guiding child in activity they can’t yet complete themselves |
| Albert Bandura | children active learners make environments, learn from peers |
| Cognitive perspective | Jean Piaget’s Cognitive developmental theory |
| Jean Piaget’s Cognitive theory | Schemes, adaptation, assimilation, accommodation, and equilibration |
| Scheme | mental structure, acquires/organizes knowledge ie-sucking grasping, looking |
| Adaptation | interactions between organism and environment |
| Assimilation | process by which someone responds to new objects or events/ existing schemes |
| Accommodation | object or idea cannot be made to fit, changed incorporated. Ex nipple vs bottle |
| Equilibration | the process of restoring equilibrium/ happiness |
| Jean Piagets stages of cognitive dev | Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational |
| Sensorimotor | 0-2 lack language, responsive to interesting stimuli, acquires basics of language |
| Preoperational | 2-7 represents world mentally, only looks at one side of issue lacking conservation |
| Concrete operational | 7-12 Logical operations, conservation concepts, can adopt other views |
| Formal Operational | 12+ mature aduly though emerges, deductive logic, various angles, hypothesis |
| Biological perspective | Darwin and ethologists Lorenz and Tinbergen |
| Ethology | instinctive behavior or inborn/specific to a species |
| Imprinting | ie. Geese attachment to first moving object as parent/caregiver |
| Ecology | biology that deals with relationships of organisms and environment |
| Ecological Systems Theory | Brenfenbrenner, aspects of psychological, social, emotional |
| Ecological systems | Micro, meso, exo, macro, chrono |
| Micro | family, school, health |
| Meso | closer, daycare |
| Exo | extended family and neighbors |
| Macro | culture |
| Chrono | environmental changes over lifetime |
| Sociciocultural theory | Vygotsky; zone of proximinal development and Scaffolding |
| Zone of Proximinal development | range of tasks that can be done with help |
| Scaffolding | problem solving skills given to child to complete a task |
| Cross sectional research | different cohort groups ie age at same time |
| Longitudinal research | same group over time |
| Cross-sequential research | different cohort groups at different times over time |
| Mitosis | cell division/reproduction, cell groups and tissues replaced |
| Meiosis | reduction division leaving chromosomes unpaired |
| Males less likely to be conceived and more likely miscarried during great stress | famine, war |
| Sex selection | opposed by U.S., outlawed by China, India, Australia and Canada expt disability |
| Monozygotic twins | Identical twins- one ova fertilized once splits |
| Dizygotic twins | fraternal twins, 2 ova fertilized by different sperm 2/3rds |
| Multiple ovation is genetic via X chromosome | True |
| Polygenic | resulting from many genes |
| DNA | genetic material in form of double helix |
| Zygote | life as single cell |
| Mutation | sudden variation in a heritable characteristic such as accident which changes genes |
| Autosome | a member of a pair of chromosomes excluding the sex chromosomes |
| Sex chromosomes | X or Y determines sex of child- comes from father |
| Allele | each member of a pair of genes that determine traits |
| Homozygous | two identicle alleles make trait |
| Heterozygous | two different alleles for a trait |
| Dominant trait | expressed trait |
| Recessive trait | non expressed trait- paired with dominant trait |
| Multifactorial problems | stem from interaction of hereditary and environment factors |
| Down syndrome caused | (usually) by an extra chromosome on the 21st pair resulting in 47 total |
| Down syndrome varies | with age of parents more likely when older |
| Sex-linked chromosomal abnormalities | abnormalities carried through generations- extra x or y pg. 50 |
| Klinefelter syndrome | 1 in 500 male has extra x chromosome- produces less testosterone |
| Turner syndrome | I in 2500 women has single X chromosome ovaries poorly developed less estrogen |
| PKU | phenylketonuria; recessive gene-both parents have causes build up and intellectual disability |
| Prenatal testing | amniocentesis, chorionic villus testing, sampling, ultrasound and blood tests |
| Amniocentesis | drawing out and examining fetal cells |
| chorionic villus testing | close to Amniocentesis but earlier; 9-12th wk |
| Ultrasound | high pitch sound waves create picture known as sonogram |
| Genotypes | set of traits inherited from parents |
| Phenotype | actual set of traits of individual |
| Canalization | tendency of growth rates to return to determined patterns after environmental changes |
| In virtro fertilization | ova removed from mother is lab dish, fathers in dish also- 1+fertilized then back to mom |
| Embryonic transplant | transfer of one embryo from one woman to another |
Created by:
Scruffy
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