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WVSOM - Nutrition-1
Food Additives and Herbal Therapy
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 5 functions of food additives | 1. maintain consistency, 2. improve/preserve nutrient value, 3. preservation, 4. control acidity/alkalinity, 5. provide color & enhance flavor |
| GRAS | Generally recognized as safe |
| Additive examples | Salt, vinegar, guar gum, kelp, iron, AA, sodium nitrate, caffeine |
| FDA evaluation of additives for approval | 1. composition and properties of the substance, 2. amount that would typically be consumed, 3. immediate and long-term health effects, 4. various safety factors related to additive |
| FDA approval of food additives | 1. types of food where additive can be used, 2. maximum amount that can be used, 3. how additive must be identified on food label |
| BHA and BHT | BHA: butylated hydroxyanisole, BHT: butylated hydroxytoluene; antioxidants used to preserve meats, baked goods, cereal, snack foods, beer, pre-packed food *cancer* |
| Glutamates | Convenience foods, packaged foods *headaches, dizziness, palpitations, cancer* |
| Nitrates and nitrites | Used in meats *cancer* |
| Sulfites | Fruits, dried, fruits, jarred olives and peppers, corn syrup, cornstarch, wine, vinegar *allergies, cancer* |
| Benzoates | Pickles, margarine, flour, fruit juices, beer *allergies, brain damage* |
| Flavor enhancers | MSG - monosodium glutamate |
| High MSG | Gelatin, hydrolyzed protein, textured protein, casein, broth, hydrolyzed/autolyzed yeast |
| Moderate MSG | Soy protein, anything enriched, pectin, dry milk solids, anything protein fortified (protein bars, drinks), gums |
| Artificial sweetener that stimulates glutamate receptors | Aspartame |
| Problem with MSG | Over-stimulates glutamate receptors (excitotoxin), over excitation causes cell damage, glutamate receptors found in nerves (but also other tissues), estimated that 40% of population reacts to MSG |
| MSG linked to ... | Obesity, cancer, diabetes, heart disease, migraines, brain damage, depression, epilepsy, ADHD, anxiety, CV disease, asthma, infertility, neurodegenerative diseases |
| MSG is in ... | Soups, chinese food, sauces, salad dressings, breaded meats, meat toppings, treated fruits and vegetables |
| MSG solution | Select fresh, whole, organic, and unprocessed foods as much as possible |
| Two uses for sugar subsitutes | Supplements, sweeteners |
| Sugar substitute example | Stevia (rebaudioside): trade names Truvia and Pure Via; leaf extracts approved as herbal supplement; purified glycosides approved in 2008 as food additive (sweetener) - may enhance glucose tolerance, negligible effect on blood glucose |
| Sugar substitute claims | Possible aid for: weight loss, diabetes, hypertension, heart burn; may cause: bloating and nausea, dizziness, muscle pain, numbness; long-term effects not known |
| Artificial sweeteners pending approval | Cyclamate (approved, rejected, pending: used in 55 countries); D-tagalose (seeking approval); Alitame (seeking approval) |
| Food dyes | Marketing! NO: nutritional value, taste enhancement, preservation *associated with liver, heart, adrenal damage* |
| Ergogenic aids | Work or performance enhancer |
| Nutritional ergogenic aids | Any vitamin or mineral, amino acids and protein supplements, caffeine, carnitine, creatine, ginseng, guarana |
| Ergogenic aids: vitamin supplementation | No benefit if the diet is adequate |
| Ergogenic aids: mineral supplementation | No benefit if the diet is adequate |
| Ergogenic aids: amino acids and protein supplementation | No benefit if the diet is adequate; protein is not a major energy source during exercise; potentially beneficial if calorie restricted diet |
| Ergogenic aids: caffeine | Mixed results; stimulates FA metabolism (aerobic exercise) |
| Ergogenic aids: creatine | Mixed results |
| Ergogenic aids: carnitine | No supportive research |
| Ergogenic aids: ginseng | No supportive research |
| Ergogenic aids: guarana | Same as caffeine |
| Herbal therapy | Some scientific evidence exists to support herbal health claims, but most herbal treatment claims are only supported by anecdotal evidence |
| T/F: disease-related claims for herbs are illegal | T |
| Herb: Saw Palmetto | Use: enlarged prostate, male-pattern hair loss, prostate cancer, underactive bladder; research: improves symptoms of prostate hypertrophy; side effects: stomach & intestine pain, increase bleeding risk, erection dysfunction |
| Herb: Saw Palmetto contraindications | Sex hormones, aspirin, blood thinners, anti-platelet drugs |
| Herb: St. John's Wort | Use: depression, anxiety, nervousness, PMS, OCD, atopic dermatitis; side effects: GI problems, delayed ejaculation, psychiatric symptoms *appears to be more effective than placebo and as effective as tricyclic anti-depressants |
| Herb: St. John's Wort contraindications | Interferes with hepatic P450 enzyme; combination with anti-depressants = mania; alters menstrual flow, bleeding, possible increase in chance of pregnancy while on pill; increased sun sensitivity |
| Herb: Niacin (vitamin B3) | Use: lowers cholesterol, pellagra, atherosclerosis, macular degeneration, Alzheimer's disease, Diabetes; side effects: niacin flush, liver toxicity, lactic acidosis, abnormal heart rhythms, blood clotting problems |
| Herb: Niacin (B3) contraindications | Be careful with other cholesterol lowering drugs, elevated blood sugar |
| Herb: Cranberry | Use: H. pylori infections (ulcers), UTI, antioxidant, antibacterial, cancer prevention, dental plaques, kidney stones, memory improvement; side effects: 6oz juice contains 100 calories (diabetic patient) |
| Herb: Cranberry contraindications | May increase risk of bleeding when taken with other anticoagulants, avoid oregano because of herbal-herbal interactions (ulcers) |
| Herb: Echinacea | Use: colds, flu, immune system stimulant, vaginal yeast infections, cancer, prevention and treatment of upper respiratory infections; side effects: stomach problems |
| Herb: Echinacea contraindications | Use not recommended for patients with HIV, may interact with amoxicillin, possible liver failure |
| Other common herbs | Black Cohosh (reduces premenstrual discomfort & hot flashes), Dong Quai (relieves menstrual cramping), Garlic (lowers cholesterol), Ginko (improves memory), Ginger (anti-emetic & anti-inflammatory), Ginseng (lowers blood sugar, weight loss) |
| S(ubjective).O(bjective).A(ssessment).P(lan) | Can be used to evaluate herbal supplements |
Created by:
JaneO
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