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Sociology21
Social Interactions, Social Groups, and Deviance
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The process by which people act and react in relation to others. Through social interaction we create the reality we perceive. | Social Interaction |
| • Social patterns that guide our everyday lives. • Social structure provides guidelines for behavior, making everyday life understandable and predictable. | Social Structure |
| • A social pattern that an individual occupies. Status is part of our social identity and defines our relationship to others. • Status set refers to all the statuses a person holds at a given time. | Social Status |
| • A social position a person receives at birth or assumes involuntarily later in life. (Ex: Gender, Citizenship, Race, Disability) Given. No control over. | Ascribed Status |
| Chosen. Choice. Voluntary • A social position a person assumes voluntarily and that reflects personal ability and choice. (Ex. President, Student) | Achieved Status |
| So important people automatically connect it with you. • A status that has special importance for social identity, often shaping a person’s entire life. • President, profound disability. (in your face.) | Master Status |
| • Behavior expected of someone who holds a particular status. | Role |
| Conflict among role corresponding to two or more statuses. | Role Conflict |
| Tension among roles connected to a single status. | Role Strain |
| • The process by which people creatively shape reality through social interaction. | Social Construction of Reality |
| We present ourselves in terms that suit the setting and our purposes & as others do the same, reality emerges. • Our perception of what is real is determined by the subjective meaning we attributed to an experience. | Social Construction of Reality |
| An individual’s effort to create specific impressions in the minds of others. (or Impression management) | Presentation of Self |
| explores the process of making sense of social encounters. (how they interact) | Ethnomethodology |
| This branch looks into the roles people play. It is the study of social interaction in terms of theatrical performance. | Dramaturigical Analysis |
| Two of more people who identify with one another. | Social Groups |
| A small social group whose members share a personal and enduring relationships. (People you are closest to: family, inner circle of friend) | Primary Groups |
| Large and impersonal social group whose members pursue a specific goal or activity. (kind of know each other: sociology class.) | Secondary Groups |
| Instrumental and Expressive Leadership | 2 types of leadership |
| Leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks. “Get things done.” | Instrumental leadership |
| Focuses on collective well-being. | Expressive leadership |
| Laissez-faire, Authoritarian, Democratic | Leadership styles |
| Focuses on instrumental concerns, takes personal charge of decision-making and demands strict compliance from subordinates. (take charge) | Authoritarian |
| More expressive, makes a point of including everyone in the decision-making process. (everyone has the chance to participate) | Democratic |
| Allows the group to function more of less on its own. (hands off) | Laissez-faire |
| the tendency of group members to confirm, resulting in a narrow view of some issues. | Group think |
| a social group that serves as a point of reference in making evaluations and decisions. (youth group) | reference group |
| a social group toward which a member feels respect and loyalty. (social clubs, political parties) | in-group |
| A social group toward which one feels competition or opposition. | out-group |
| Large secondary groups that are organized to achieve their goals sufficiently. | formal organization |
| Coercive, Normative, Utilitarian | Types of formal organization |
| work, income-based organizations; one that pays people for their efforts. (work) | Utilitarian |
| Join to pursue some goal they think is morally worthwhile. (Choose to join) Voluntary. Community Service (Lions, Civitans) | Normative |
| People are forced to join; involuntary. (School, jail) | Coercive |
| An organizational model rationally designed to perform tasks efficiently. | Bureaucracy |
| Hierarchy of offices Specialization Impersonality Formal, written communication Technical competence Rules and regulations | 6 Key Elements of an Ideal Bureaucratic Organization |
| People are assigned highly specialized duties. One: Run, speciality of running. | Specialization |
| Vertical ranking of offices forming a pyramid of power. 2:shoe stacking shoes into a hirearchy | Hierarchy of offices |
| Designed to help the organization operate in a completely prediction fashion. 3:tree: before you climb this tree you have to follow these rules. | Rules and Regulations |
| impersonal evaluation of performances. 4: door: have to know how, be competent to open a door. | technical competence |
| rules ahead of personal whims so that everyone is treated formally. 5: hive: bees are attacking everyone. They don’t care who. | impersonality |
| heart is not people, but paperwork. 6: sticks: writing with sticks in dirt. | formal, written communication |
| Bureaucratic ritualism Bureaucratic alienation Bureaucratic inertia Oligarchy | Common problems in organizations |
| everything is so structured that everyone becomes attached. Cubicals. | Bureaucratic alienation |
| Doing things the same way with the same method over and over. | Bureaucratic ritualism |
| We have to keep this organization going and growing no matter what! March of Dimes and Polio, switched over to another cause. | Bureaucratic inertia |
| The pyramid of power. The control of many by few. | Oligarchy |
| • 1. Hiring and advancement • 2. Lifetime security • 3. Holistic involvement • 4. Broad-based training • 5. Collective Decision Making | The 5 major differences between formal organizations in Japan and US (Individual focus v. Group focus) |
| Efficiency Predictability Uniformity Control Take all the art out of the job. Creating a cookie-cutter society, instead of individuality. | “McDonaldization” of Society |
| The recognized violation of cultural norms. Deviance is NOT always bad. | Deviance |
| Attempts by society to regulate people’s thoughts and behavior. | Social Control |
| A formal response by police, courts, and prison officials to alleged violation of the law. | Criminal justice system |
| Biological context Personality factors Social factors | Explanation of Deviance |
| Attempt to link deviance with biological/genetic characteristics. | Biological context |
| Attempts to determine what psychological/personality factors resulted in deviances. | Personality factors |
| Deviance is shaped by society. | Social factors |
| • Deviance varies according to cultural norms. • People become deviant as others define them that way. • Both norms and the way that people define situations involve social power. | Three Critical Foundations in Understanding Deviance |
| The US has one of the highest criminal recidivism rates in the world. (repeating offenders) • Records some 12 mil serious crimes in the US each year. • The majority of citizen will be victimized by crime. • Highest crime rates in the world. | Criminal Statistics |
| Involvement Belief Opportunity Attachment | Hirschi's Control Theory |
| Strong attachment encourages conformity. | attachment |
| Increased access to legitimate opportunity encourages conformity. | opportunity |
| Extensive involvement in legit activities inhibits deviance. | involvment |
| Strong beliefs in convention morality and respect for authority decreases deviance. | belief |
| • Deviance is linked to social inequality. Who or what is labeled “deviant” depends on which categories of people hold power in society. | Deviance and Inequality |
| o White-collar crime: high class o Corporate crime: crime that takes o Street crime: public places, gangs, thugs o Organized crime: mafia o Hate crime: race, discrimination | Perpectives on Crime |
| • Official stats show that arrest rates peak in late adolescences and drop steadily with advancing age. GENDER Economic position Race | Deviance and Social Diversity |
| Law Enforcement: "Point of Contact" Courts: Social Justice Correctional System: Punishment | Key Elements of the Criminal Justice System |
| Retribution Deterrence Rehabilitation Societal Protection | Four Justifications for Punishment |
| "Moral vengeance" | Retribution |
| Discourage criminality through punishment | Deterrence |
| Reform the offender | rehabilitation |
| render offender incapable of further offenses through imprisonment. | Societal Protection |
Created by:
acpearl
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