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Gangs Unit 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the average duration of active gang membership? | 2 years |
| What is meant by the premise that gang membership is "age-graded"? | It is a youth phenomenon emerging in early adolescence and subsiding by emerging adulthood. |
| In Life-Course theory, what are the Three T's? | Transitions, Turning Points, and Trajectories |
| What is a Transition in Life-Course theory? | A short-term event embedded in a trajectory (e.g., first arrest). |
| What is a Turning Point in Life-Course theory? | A significant transition that completely redirects the life course (e.g., having a child). |
| What is a Trajectory in Life-Course theory? | A long-term pattern comprising pathways of development over time (e.g., a long-term criminal career). |
| What is the timing of Onset in gang membership? | When an individual first joins a gang or commits a gang-associated crime. |
| What is the timing of Persistence in gang membership? | The duration spent between onset and disengagement while identifying as a member. |
| What is the timing of Disengagement in gang membership? | The specific period when an individual begins to lose interest and pull away. |
| What are the 5 features used to judge an individual's level of Gang Embeddedness? | Position, contact frequency, perceived importance, lack of outside friends, and participation in violence. |
| What is the sociological definition of Disengagement? | The process of transitioning from peak to trivial levels of gang embeddedness. |
| What are the 4 stages of Role Exit Theory applied to gang disengagement? | 1. First doubts, 2. Anticipatory socialization, 3. Turning point, 4. Post-exit validation. |
| What happens during the First Doubts stage of gang disengagement? | An individual begins to question the benefits, safety, or sustainability of gang life. |
| What happens during the Anticipatory Socialization stage of gang disengagement? | The individual is still embedded but begins looking for and feeling out a conventional replacement lifestyle. |
| What happens during the Turning Point stage of gang disengagement? | The individual reaches peak dissatisfaction and actively executes a way out of the gang. |
| What happens during the Post-Exit Validation stage of gang disengagement? | The individual has completely moved on and no longer identifies as a gang member. |
| What is the core premise of Criminal Propensity Theory? | Some people have a stable natural propensity for crime (low self-control) and only opportunities change. |
| How does Criminal Propensity Theory apply to gangs? | The gang simply serves as the structure or opportunity to express a natural propensity for crime. |
| What are the key individual risk factors of Criminal Propensity Theory? | Low self-control, impulsivity, risk-seeking, lack of empathy, and fearlessness. |
| What is the core premise of Social Bond Theory (Hirschi)? | Criminal behavior occurs when an individual's bonds to conventional society are weakened or broken. |
| How does Social Bond Theory apply to gangs? | Weakened social bonds drive youth to search for attachment and belonging inside a gang. |
| What are the 4 key bonds in Social Bond Theory that prevent crime? | Attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief. |
| What is the core premise of Social Learning Theory? | Violence and aggression are learned behaviors picked up by observing and imitating social networks. |
| How does Social Learning Theory apply to gangs? | Youth observe gang members in their environment, internalize the behaviors, and duplicate them by joining. |
| What are the 4 key tenets of Social Learning Theory? | Differential association, differential reinforcement, definitions, and imitation. |
| What is the core premise of General Strain Theory (Agnew)? | Criminal behavior is a direct, maladaptive adaptation to emotional and environmental strain. |
| How does General Strain Theory apply to gangs? | Severe environmental strain and anomie drive individuals to seek out gangs as a coping mechanism or shield. |
| What are the 3 main categories of strain according to Agnew? | Gap between goals and achievements, removal of positive stimuli, and presentation of negative stimuli. |
| What is the difference between Motivations and Methods regarding gangs? | Motivations are the reasons (push/pull) for joining or leaving; methods are the actual physical processes used. |
| What are Push Factors for joining a gang? | External driving forces such as fear, need for protection, or a bad family environment. |
| What are Pull Factors for joining a gang? | Internal gang attractions such as money, elevated social status, group acceptance, and drugs. |
| What are the 3 progressive methods/steps for joining a gang? | 1. Crime commission, 2. Ego violent event (jumped/sexed in), 3. Expressive violence toward an outsider. |
| What is an Active gang exit? | An exit involving explicit communication with the gang, which may require permission or being "jumped out." |
| What is a Passive gang exit? | An exit with no communication where the individual simply ghosts the gang and cuts contact. |
| What does the overrepresentation of gang members as both offenders and victims suggest? | It suggests that gang-on-gang crime accounts for the vast majority of overall gang violence. |
| What is the Selection Model (Spuriousness Hypothesis)? | Criminals join gangs; gangs maintain baseline crime levels because they select pre-existing violent people. |
| What is the Facilitation Model (Causal Hypothesis)? | Gangs create crime; group dynamics and peer pressure cause an individual to become criminal post-joining. |
| What is the Enhancement Model (Blended Hypothesis)? | Gangs elevate crime; youths with criminal propensities join gangs, and the group environment triggers/amplifies violence. |
| What are the 6 age-graded trajectories of gang membership from highest percentage to lowest? | Adolescence-limited (33%), Late adolescent (26%), Adult onset (17%), Early adolescent (14%), Early persistent (6%), Late persistent (4%). |
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