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Public Health END
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Ecological model of health | A framework to understand health behaviors as a result of the social environment 5 levels of influence to guide health promotion interventions 1. Intrapersonal factors 2. Interpersonal relations 3. Institutional level 4. Community 5. Public policy |
| Social Determinants of Health | Encompasses; Economic stability, Educational opportunities, Social support systems, and Physical environment |
| Poverty | significant impact on health outcomes, leading to: -Limited access to essential resources -Incr prevalence of chronic health conditions -Higher rates of infectious diseases -Mental health issues - anxiety and depression |
| Stress | Can be influenced by SES Contributes to heart disease Suppresses immune response Increases susceptibility to cold viruses and other illnesses |
| Health belief nodel | Framework to understand health behavior & behavior change when person faced w/ -Perceived vulnerability -Severity of threat -Barriers to taking action -Effectiveness of preventive measures |
| Transtheoretical model | Outlines a process of change through five stages: Precontemplation Contemplation Preparation Action Maintenance |
| Transtheoretical model | -Incr awareness of unhealthy behavior, understanding benefits of change, planning concrete actions, modifying behavior, and striving to prevent relapse -Identifying stage individual is in, can help healthcare provider/educator guide them to next stage |
| Educational and Regulatory Approaches | Education plays role informing public about (un) + healthy behaviors -Decline in smoking rates after 1964 Surgeon General's report -Gov provides info on eating habits and shifted focus to prevent major diseases by educating dietary patterns + labeling |
| Smoking | Nicotine + tars Cause many diseases Women started smoking later than man, cancer rates began to rise later surpassing breast cancer 14% of adults smoke Focus on youth |
| Regulatory restrictions on smoking | Fed Trade Commission- Warning Labels Fed Communications Comm- fair counter-ads 1971- Industry submitted total ban on ads on radio & tv 90s-Nonsmoker rights mvment 92-EPA declared environ tobacco smoke a carcinogen 2019- Ban/restrictions in pub places |
| Family smoking and prevention and tobacco control act | 2009 FDA regulates tobacco prods and to restrict advertising and promotion Requires larger and more graphic warning labels on cigarette packages Forbids tobacco companies from sponsoring sporting events Requires disclosure of ingredients of cigarette |
| Obesity | Incr since the 1960s in all ages and genders Black women more likely than white women to be overweight or obese. White men are slightly more likely than black men Higher SES is associated w/ lower rates of overweight and obesity, especially among women |
| Measuring health risks | -BMI Calculated from height and weight Overweight 25–29.9 BMI, Obese >30 BMI -Waist-to-hip ratio Distribution of fat on the body Pear-shaped versus apple-shaped bodies |
| Mental Health | state of well-being in which an individual realizes his/her own abilities, cope w/ normal stresses of life, work productively & is able to contribute to their community Foundation for individual well-being & effective functioning of a community |
| Mental Health | Females more anxiety and mood disorders Males more impulse-control and substance disorders More prevalent in populations younger than 60 Southeastern highest levels |
| Causes and Prevention of Mental Health | causes of most mental disorders are unknown Causes are viewed as products of interaction between: Biological factors Psychological factors Sociocultural factors |
| Multidimensional | changes across multiple domains, including physical (body, brain), cognitive (thinking, memory), and socioemotional (emotions, relationships). |
| Multidirectional | Individuals experience both gains and losses at every stage of life. For example, individuals may gain certain cognitive abilities while potentially losing others, like physical speed (c) |
| Plasiticity | The capacity for change and adaptation exists throughout life. Habits can be changed, and the brain can adapt over time |
| Violence against females in US | 1/4 severe intimate partner physical violence 1/3 of women experience physical violence by an intimate partner 1/7 injured by intimate partner 18-24 women and elder most common abuse |
| Prenatal Care | Early and adequate prenatal care significantly enhances the prospects of bearing a healthy infant, providing: -Essential health education -Social services -Support for low-income individuals |
| Teenage Pregnancy Prevention | Public health programs aimed at preventing teenage pregnancy include: Comprehensive sex education in public schools, which has been effective in delaying young people's initiation of intercourse and increasing their use of contraception |
| Why Do Costs For Health Care Rise | Aging population New medical tech Administrative costs Chronic diseases associated w/ obesity Malpractice fears Financial incentives for med providers Patients demanding best, regardless of price |
| Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) | Acts as insurers and provider Agrees to provide all a required care for a fixed payments Pays salaries to providers Incentives to: deny care, limit access, and provide programs |
| Preferred Provider Organization (PPO) | Patients seek care from participating providers Participating providers agree to provide services at lower rates Patients not allowed to see specialist w/o referral from primary care physician Patients can go to nonpart prov. but w/ higher% of cost |
| Managed Care Backlash | -Patients understood that the financial incentives encouraged denial of treatment -Prices again began to rise, and numbers of uninsured again rose -There is no evidence that patients are harmed by the cost-control measures overall |
| Affordable Care Act | Individual mandate you pay or have fine Large businesses must pay assessment if they don't insure employees Insurance companies cannot limit health coverage, cancel policies, or spend too much on administrative costs/profits |
| Rationing | Rationing by ability to pay is already taking place Oregon experiment with Medicaid Other countries favor reduction in overall medical costs to rationing care to citizens. -Reduce administrative costs -Coordinate care -Promote preventive service |
| Infection Routes | -Aerosols, droplets, fomites -Inhalation of respiratory droplets & aerosol particles -Deposition of respiratory drops & part on exposed mucous membranes in mouth/nose/eye by direct splashes/sprays -Touching mucous membr w/ hands directly or indirectly |
| U.S. Response to COVID-19 Pandemic | Mitigation/Suppression (social distancing, isolation, travel restrictions, testing, masks) |
| Types of Disasters | Nat disasters are predictable->Prior evacuation Technological disasters less predictable (incl. Terrorism) Similar response -Search+rescue -Treat+evacuate injured -Food, H2O + shelter for survivors -Minimizing environment hazards -Response planning |
| Other emergency response preparedness | Importance of advance planning all agencies Federal government funding to states and metropolitan areas for planning Strategic National Stockpile of medical supplies, antibiotics, vaccines, antidotes for chemical agent |
| Incident Command System | Response system that puts a single person in charge at a scene |
| National Incident Management System | NIMS standardizes the organizational structures, processes, and procedures that communities should employ |
| Bioterrorism Preparedness | Preparedness strategy is very different than natural disasters Response must be the same as if a natural outbreak Recognizing an attack is very challenging Surveillance is important Salmonella outbreak in Oregon not recognized as attack |
| Bioterrorism Preparedness | -Lab capability -PH laws enabling authorities to take action -PH officials need legal power to take action to protect public and contain outbreak of an infectious disease -Coordination b/w PH + law enforcement -Whether uninsured seek care is problem |
| What are the social determinants of health and their significance to overall health | Structural, cultural, and economic conditions on health outcomes, |
| What is a life course perspective | The life course perspective uses a timeline to understand the causes and consequences of illness and premature death by examining factors in a person’s life span: Biological Behavioral Psychosocial Environmental factors |
| What is hypertension related to heart disease and being able to identify chronic diseases | High blood pressure, risk factor of heart disease. Long term high blood pressure damages cardiovascular system |
| What are the leading causes of death that are preventable and are caused by individual behavior (targets for public health interventions)? | Tobacco use and obesity |
| What is the definition of infant mortality rate and what does it indicate for overall health in the U.S.? | The number of deaths of infants under 1 year of age per 1,000 live births in a given year. Reflects societies health system and social conditions |
| What does the term sandwich generation mean and what groups of people are they caring for | Someone that takes care of their parents and their children; two generations that depend on them |
| How does chronic stress, anxiety and mood disorders impact health? | Chronic stress, anxiety, & mood disorders have widespread effects on both physical and mental health, influencing nearly every body system. In public health and medicine, they are recognized as major risk factors for disease, disability, & early death |
| Older adults are putting a strain on what and what year will they outnumber those 18 years or younger? | Older adults are putting a strain on healthcare systems like medicare (and also social security, and will outnumber those 18 and younger by 2030-2035 |
| Know the public health approach to injury control analyzes in terms of chain of causation (primary, secondary and tertiary)—like infectious diseases. Be prepared to give an example and explanation. This includes the host, environment and agent | Primary - Prevent the injury from occurring at all Secondary - Reduce severity of injury at the time it occurs Tertiary prevention - Reduce long-term disability and improve recovery |
| Epidemiological triad | a model where disease occurs from the interaction of an agent (the cause), a host (the organism affected), and the surrounding environment (external factors) that brings them together |
| Does mental health affect overall health-please explain and provide an example | Yes, mental health affects overall health by impacting physical well-being through stress responses, lifestyle choices, and chem changes in the body Ex- Stress+depression incr risk of heart disease, diabetes, stroke by raising blood pressure |
| What is the WHO definition of health? | The state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity |
| During COVID-19 what were the interventions and control strategies used | Suppression + mitigation Social distancing, quarantine, travel restrictions, testing of the population, Mandatory individual protection (masks), protection elderly and high-risk groups, reduction of hospital overload, disinfecting workplaces |
| What components are attributed to effective preparedness for disaster emergency situations? | -Incident command system -National incident management system -National Stockpale -Advance planning and funding |
| What measures are taken to improve the recognition of a disease outbreak? | Enhanced surveillance (data integration, monitoring), robust lab testing, clinician alerts, community engagement, and data sharing between agencies |
| What are the ways medical care is paid for in the U.S. and who has a general right to health care (these 2 groups do not pay for their health care)? | Employer-sponsored/Private insurance and public programs Low-income individuals and seniors/disabled receive substantial public assistance |
| What is the difference between Medicare and Medicaid? | Medicare is insurance for people 65+ or disabled; medicaid is a federal/state program for low income individuals at any age |
| What is the difference between an HMO and a PPO and what are their individual advantages and disadvantages? | HMOs are more restrictive w/ lower costs, requiring a primary care physician and referrals for specialists PPOs offer flexibility with higher premiums, allowing out-of-network care + direct specialist access |
| What is the National Incident Management System and the Incident Command System and their roles during a disaster. | NIMS provides a nationwide framework (vocabulary+protocol) for managing all-hazard incidents ICS, on-scene, flexible command structure (Command, Operate, Plan, Logistics, Finance) used w/in NIMS to direct, control, + coordinate emergency response efforts |
| What is the Affordable Care Act (ACA) or Obamacare and what did it do to the percentage of uninsured people | In 2010 U.S. law that expanded health coverage via Medicaid expansion and new Marketplaces, dramatically lowering the uninsured rate from around 14-16% pre-ACA to historic lows, reaching as low as 7.7% by 2023 |
| What is happening to U.S. medical costs and why are they rising so rapidly? (16) | US spending is incr on medical cost Due to aging population, new medical tech, administrative costs, chronic diseases associated w/ obesity, malpractice fears + defensive medicine, financial incentives for med providers |
| Name the top 10 public health achievements in the 20th century | Routine use of vaccines Motor vehicle safety Safe workplaces Ctrl of infect ds Decline in deaths via heart ds&stroke Safe&healthy foods Healthy moms&babies Access to family planning&contraceptive serv F in drinking H2O Tobacco is health hazard |
| What are some of the bioterrorist agents and which one is the most dreaded? | Smallpox is the most dreaded Others Anthrax Ebola Plague Botulism Tularemia Hemorrhagic |
Created by:
phillipchristopherr
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