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Healthcare unit 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the four functions of the muscular system? | Movement, Posture, Generates heat, Stabilizes joints |
| What are the characteristics of skeletal muscle? | Voluntary, striated, attached to the body through tendons |
| What are the characteristics of smooth muscle? | Involuntary, non-striated, moves substances inside the body |
| What are the characteristics of cardiac muscle? | Involuntary, striated, only found in the heart |
| What is the insertion point in muscle movement? | The mobile part of the joint that moves toward the origin |
| What is the origin point in muscle movement? | The fixed part of the joint that is immobile |
| How does body movement occur? | Body movement occurs when muscles contract across joints |
| What is muscular dystrophy and its symptoms? | A muscle disease caused by genetic mutations, leading to progressive muscle weakness and decreased mobility. Not autoimmune. |
| How is muscular atrophy different from muscular dystrophy? | Muscular atrophy is caused by immobility, not genetic mutations. |
| What is myositis? | Inflammation of the muscles, often due to exercise; most types are considered autoimmune. |
| What is sarcopenia? | Loss of muscle mass and strength starting as early as age 30, linked to aging and lifestyle factors. |
| How many bones are in an adult skeleton? | 206 bones |
| How many bones are in an infant skeleton? | 300 bones |
| What are five functions of the skeletal system? | Support, Movement, Protection, Produce blood cells, Store and release minerals |
| How many bones are in the axial skeleton? | 80 bones |
| What bones are included in the axial skeleton? | Skull, spine, rib cage, hyoid |
| How many bones are in the appendicular skeleton? | 126 bones |
| What bones are included in the appendicular skeleton? | Legs, arms, shoulders, hands, pelvis |
| What do ligaments do in bone structure? | Attach to the periosteum to connect bone to bone |
| What is the periosteum? | The outer coating that protects and nourishes bone |
| What is the epiphysis of a bone? | The knob at the end of a bone |
| What is the diaphysis of a bone? | The shaft of a bone |
| What are long bones and where are they found? | Bones with diaphysis and epiphysis, located in the appendicular skeleton (e.g., humerus, femur) |
| What are short bones like, and where are they found? | Thick cancellous bone with a thin cortical bone layer (hands, tarsals) |
| What are irregular bones and examples? | Bones with unique shapes (vertebrae, ribs, pelvis) |
| What are sesamoid bones and an example? | Round or oval bones like the patella |
| What are flat bones and where are they located? | Thin cancellous bone surrounded by cortical bone, mainly in the axial skeleton (skull, ribs, scapula) |
| What is scoliosis and its cause? | Curving of the spine; mainly unknown cause, possibly genetic |
| What is rheumatoid arthritis? | Autoimmune disease where joint tissues are attacked; symptoms include tender, swollen joints |
| What is osteoporosis and its symptoms? | Bone mass is lost faster than it is created; symptoms: pain, poor posture, easy fractures, loss of height |
| What causes bone cancer and its symptoms? | Can result from radiation exposure; symptoms: bone pain, fatigue, unintended weight loss |
| What is a stress fracture? | A small, thin crack in the bone caused by repetitive force or overuse |
| What is a simple (closed) fracture? | Complete break in a bone where the skin remains intact |
| What is a compound (open) fracture? | Complete break in a bone where the skin is broken |
| What is a comminuted fracture? | Bone breaks into three or more fragments |
| What is the difference between a sprain and a strain? | Sprain: injury to ligaments; Strain: injury to muscles |
| How do you treat a sprain? | Apply ice, wrap with a bandage, and rest |
| How do you treat a strain? | Apply ice for 10–15 minutes daily and elevate the injured muscle |
| What does RICE stand for in injury treatment? | Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation |
| What is compact bone? | Dense bone that forms the outer layer of all bones except joints. |
| What is spongy bone? | Protects red bone marrow cells and reduces the weight of the skeleton. |
| What is bone marrow? | Connective tissue existing between spongy bone where all blood cellular components originate. |
| What are osteocytes? | Bone cells that remove and replace calcium salts to keep bones intact. |
| What do osteoclasts and osteoblasts do? | Osteoclasts break down bone, osteoblasts build bone. They remodel bone depending on changing characteristics over time. |
| What is osteoporosis? | A condition where bones become brittle and prone to fractures, mainly age-related, due to slowed osteoblast activity. |
| Why are women more prone to osteoporosis? | Women are more prone to osteoporosis because estrogen production slows down after menopause, and estrogen helps bones stay strong. |
| How does osteoblast and osteoclast activity change with age? | By age 30, osteoblast activity slows down, but osteoclast activity remains the same, leading to bone mass loss. |
| Why is regular exercise important for bone health? | Exercise stresses bones, making them stronger, while inactivity leads to brittleness. |
Created by:
sh_bookworm
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