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MIDTERM VOCABULARY
Community and Public Health
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Primary Prevention | prevent illness by reducing exposure to risk factors |
| Secondary Prevention | minimize the severity of damage to an illness or event |
| Tertiary Prevention | aims to reduce disability through medical attention and rehab |
| Social Determinants of Health | social/economic factors, health behaviors, healthcare, physical environment, and genetics |
| Upstream Approach | emphasizes addressing the prevention of illnesses and dangerous events rather than only treating acute illnesses |
| Intrapersonal Health Behaviors | age, sex, education, income, disease, education, and insurance |
| Interpersonal Health Behaviors | culture, time period, environment, and social networks |
| 4 Levels of Interpersonal Health Behaviors | interpersonal -> neighborhood perception -> community -> public policy |
| Ecological Model | describes the five levels that influence health behavior: individual -> interpersonal -> organizational -> community -> public policy |
| Lifecourse Perspective | belief the people are exposed to different risk factors over the course of their lives and build over time |
| Philosophical Stance | public health can be seen as a social movement, valuing the human life |
| Descriptive Research | provides a detailed account of a community's characteristics, behaviors, and/or patterns |
| Exploratory Research | investigates uncharted areas of public health |
| Cross-sectional Study | collects data @ a point in time to assess a population's current condition |
| Cohort Study | a large group of healthy people are followed over time to track the development of health outcomes |
| Randomized Controlled Trials | experimental clinical studies that assign participants to control or intervention groups |
| Phenomenology | seeks to uncover the essense of a phenomenom |
| Grounded Theory | aims to develop theories grounded in data collection, allowing new insights to emerge |
| Purposeful Sampling | choosing partcipants with varied backgrounds |
| Saturation | when new data ceases to yield new insights indicating a sufficient amount has been collected |
| Descriptive Statistics | summarize by presenting key features of teh data analyzed |
| Inferential Statistics | uses a small sample of quantifiable data |
| Spatial Analysis | examines geographic patterns to determine potential regional determinants |
| Data Immersion | researchers familiarize themselves with the data with multiple readings |
| Jacobson v Massachusetts | Jacobson refused to get the smallpox vaccine. The case was taken all the way up to the Supreme Court, Jacobson claiming that his presonal right were being infringed on. The court sided with Mass stating their could be restrictions to freedom. |
| Epidemiology | the diagnostic discipline of public health ; used to investigate diseases and identify trends |
| Epidemic | a surge in the incidence of a disease beyond its anticipated levels |
| Endemic Rate | a disease's anticipated levels |
| Epidemiological Investigation (Shoeleather) | entails asking the 4 W's to find the root of an outbreak |
| Framingham Heart Study | The first epidemiological study for CHRONIC disease took place in 1948. It investigated the spike in heart disease in men following WW2. |
| Doll-Hill Study | Richard Doll and Bradford Hill conducted a stidy to find a link between smoking and lung cancer, they were right. |
| Disease Frequency | the # of cases in respect to the population's population @ risk |
| Incidence | the rate of NEW cases in a population recorded in a specific period of time |
| Prevalence | the total # of cases in a population recorded in a specfic time period |
| Mortality Rates | a measure of the frequency of death |
| Epidemic Curves | visualization of data to observe trends |
| Descriptive Epidemiology | generates hypotheses that formal studies aim to prove or disprove |
| Physician's Health Study | Found that taking aspirin reduces the risk of a heart attack. |
| Kingston-Newburgh Study | Found that fluoride prevents tooth decay. |
| Nurses' Health Study | Assessed the risk of breast cancer and found that alcohol consumption and birth control both heighten the risk. |
| Relative Risk | the ratio of the incidence rate for the persons exposed to the incidence rate for the persons unexposed |
| Case-control Study | investigates ill people and looks back at their history to identify a potential risk factor |
| John Snow | "First epidemiologist" who investigated the cholera outbreak with a natural experiment, drawing conclusion from those who had already fallen ill. |
| Robert Koch | German physician who classified bacteria by their shape and stain-ability. |
| Koch's Postulates | 1) Organism must always be present in the infected person 2) Isolate and grow organism 3) Culture organism and inject animal subject 4) Repeat process |
| Bacilli | rod-shaped bacteria |
| Cocci | round bacteria |
| Spirochete | spiral-shaped bacteria |
| Bacteria | single-celled organisms that can reproduce by themselves |
| Virus | incomplete cells that cannot reproduce by themselves but can infect both plant and animal cells |
| Parasites | protozoa, singled-celled organisms, that can live in the human body |
| Vectors | a means of disease transmission |
| Aerosols | a suspension of particles |
| Formites | transmission via objects |
| Chain of Infection | the pattern by which an infectious disease is transmitted |
| Andrew Wakefield | He published a paper in The Lancet linking the MMR vaccine to autism fraudulently leading to his medical license being revoked. |
| Retrospective Study | look back at past data to find the cause of disease |
| Prospective Study | individuals are followed over time and data about them is collected |
Created by:
MadisonFoleyReis
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