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DAANCE: Module I
DAANCE: Module I Basic Sciences
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the three nervous systems? | Central (CNS), Peripheral (PNS), and Autonomic (ANS) |
| What is action potential? | Nerve's threshold of stimulus, conducted along the entire length of a neuron |
| What is a synapse? | A junction between 2 neurons, or to another structure |
| What nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord? | CNS |
| Which part of the brain is responsible for essential functions (thought, learning, memory, consciousness, etc)? | Cerebral Cortex |
| Which part of the brain is the relay station between sensory inputs and plays pivotal role in many autonomic functions and emotion? | Core of the brain |
| Which part of the brain is responsible for both sensory receptors and coordination of movement? | Cerebellum |
| What three components make up the brainstem? | The Midbrain, the Pons, and the Medulla Oblongata |
| Which part of the brain controls the ANS, reticular information, and maintenance of consciousness? | The Brainstem ("Vital Centers") |
| What nervous system consists of all nerves that carry impulses away from CNS to various parts of the body? | PNS |
| What is a sensory nerve? | Nerves that conduct message back to CNS from regarding the environment (touch and pain) |
| What is a motor nerve? | Nerves that carry out a response from CNS to a muscle to initiate body movement |
| How many cranial nerves are there? | 12 |
| What are the cranial nerves? | Olfactory, Optic, Oculomotor, Trochlear, Trigeminal, Abducens, Facial, Vestibulocochlear, Glossopharyngeal, Vagus, Accessory, and Hypoglossal |
| Which nerve allows sight? | Optic nerve |
| Which nerve allows one to smell? | Olfactory nerve |
| Which nerve allows one to hear? | Auditory (Vestibulocochlear) nerve |
| Which nerves supplies sensation to the teeth/jaws and provides jaw movement? | Trigeminal nerve |
| Which nerve supplies movement to the muscles of the face allowing facial expressions? | Facial nerve |
| What are the three divisions of the Trigeminal nerve? | Ophthalmic, Maxillary, and Mandibular |
| For surgery on mandible, which two nerves is usually anesthetized? | Inferior alveolar nerve and lingual nerve (mandibular block) |
| For surgery on maxilla, individual teeth can be anesthetized by which kind of nerve block? | Superior alveolar block (posterior or anterior) |
| Which nervous system regulates internal organs and other functions that take place involuntarily (breathing, heartbeat, etc)? | ANS |
| What is the term for maintenance of internal stability of a system with minimal variation from the normal state (BP, pulse, respiration within normal range)? | Homeostasis |
| What are the two subdivisions of ANS? | Sympathetic and Parasympathetic |
| Which subdivision of ANS is responsible for "fight or flight?" | Sympathetic |
| Which subdivision of ANS is responsible for the resting or vegetative state? | Parasympathetic |
| Which receptors respond to increased pressure by decreasing sympathetic output and increase parasympathetic output to decrease heart rate and BP? | Baroreceptors |
| How much blood is the heart capable of pumping per minute? | 5 quarts |
| What kind of muscle is the heart made up of? | Myocardium |
| What is automacity? | The ability to contract on its own without stimulation by nerves. |
| Where does the right atrium receive blood from? | Peripheral circulation (the body) |
| Where does the left atrium receive blood from? | The lungs via pulmonary veins |
| Is the right atrium full of oxygenated or de-oxygenated blood? | De-oxygenated |
| Is the left atrium full of oxygenated or de-oxygenated blood? | Oxygenated |
| Is the left ventricle full of oxygenated or de-oxygenated blood? | Oxygenated |
| Is the right ventricle full of oxygenated or de-oxygenated blood? | De-oxygenated |
| Where does the left ventricle send blood? | The body |
| Where does the right ventricle send blood? | The lungs |
| Which chamber of the heart is the most powerful and pumps with the greatest force? | Left ventricle |
| Through which vessels does the right atrium receive blood? | Superior vena cava and inferior vena cava |
| Complete closure of the four heart valves prevents: | Backflow of blood |
| What is a heart murmur? | Heart valve leaflets not properly closing due to damage or from valve prolapse |
| When reduced oxygen supply damages the heart cells but doesn't actually cause necrosis is a condition called: | Ischemia |
| What is another name for "heart attack?" | Myocardial Infarction (MI) |
| What is the term for death of an area of tissue because of an interrupted blood supply? | Infarction |
| Vasoconstriction is: | Decrease in diameter of an artery (constrict) |
| Vasodilation is: | Increase in diameter of an artery (dilate) |
| How is a patient's BP written? | Systolic/Diastolic (120/80) |
| How would one determine cardiac output? | Multiply stroke volume (usually 60mL) by the heart rate |
| What is a cardiac cycle? | One contraction and relaxation of atria and ventricles followed by a short pause |
| What is the usual number of cardiac cycles or heart rate? | 60-100 beats per minute (BPM) |
| What node is the "heart's pacemaker?" | SA node (sinoatrial node) |
| What center within the medulla increases heart rate and the strength of contractions when sympathetic fibers are stimulated? | Cardioacceleratory Center (CAC) |
| What center within the medulla decreases heart rate and force of contractions when parasympathetic fibers stimulated? | Cardioinhibitory Center (CIC) |
| Any heart rate below 60 BPM is classified as: | Bradycardia |
| Any heart rate greater than 100 BPM is classified as: | Tachycardia |
| What is a normal sinus rhythm? | A normal rhythm of the heart with a rate of 60-100 BPM and containing P waves, QRS complexes, and T waves |
| What is hypoxia? | Lack of oxygen |
| What is a dysrhythmia? | Disturbance of regular rhythm (abnormal rhythm) |
| What is a P wave? | Reflection of muscular contraction of the atria |
| What is a QRS complex? | Reflection of the activity producing ventricular contraction |
| What is a T wave? | Reflection of the ventricular muscle getting ready for a new contraction |
| Which artery is the best to palpate when searching for a patient's pulse? | Common carotid artery |
| Where is the lingual artery located? | The tongue and floor of the mouth |
| Where is the facial artery located? | Starts behind the angle of the mandible, passes around the inferior border of the mandible in the region of the 1st and 2nd molars, and then travels across the external aspect of the face |
| What does the maxillary artery supply blood? | The internal aspect of the face, maxilla, sinuses, teeth, and a portion of the nose |
| What does the inferior alveolar artery supply blood? | The mandible and teeth, and terminating on the face as the mental artery |
| What is a hematoma? | A clotted or partially clotted blood outside the blood vessel and confined to an anatomic space |
| What is one of the most easily accessible veins in the forearm to start an IV? | Antecubital vein (AC vein) |
| What is phlebitis? | Inflammation of the vein |
| What does the upper airway consist of? | Nose and nasal passages |
| What are the names of the four pairs of sinuses? | Maxillary, facial, ethmoid, and sphemoid |
| What consists of the pharynx? | Nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx |
| The nasopharynx is: | The portion above the back of the soft palate |
| The oropharynx is: | The portion between the soft palate and epiglottis |
| The laryngopharynx is: | Directly behind the larynx |
| What is the larynx? | Voice box containing the vocal cords |
| What does the lower airway consist of? | The trachea and lungs |
| What are the primary muscles for controlling breathing? | The diaphragm and intercostal muscles |
| What increases the chest cavity size and creates negative pressure (vacuum)? | Inhalation |
| What decreases the chest cavity size and creates positive pressure? | Exhalation |
| How much oxygen is in environmental air? | 21% |
| The percentage of red blood cells is called: | Hematocrit |
| What percentage of blood is made up of red blood cells? | 40% |
| What is anemia? | A decrease in hemoglobin concentration, indicating decrease in oxygen-carrying capacity in red blood cells |
| Which vessels have more oxygen than carbon dioxide? | Arteries |
| Which vessels have more carbon dioxide than oxygen? | Veins |
| What is the normal arterial saturation? | 95% or higher |
| What is the normal respiration rate? | 12-16 respirations per minute at rest |
| Which system controls a lot of physiologic processes like mobilizing body defenses against stress, maintaining electrolytes balance, water, regulating metabolism, etc? | Endocrine system |
| What cells produce glucagon? | Alpha cells |
| What cells produce insulin? | Beta cells |
| What is the purpose of insulin? | Stimulates protein synthesis and formation of lipids |
| What is glycogen? | Storage form of sugar |
| What stimulates the breakdown of glycogen? | Glucagon |
| What does hypoglycemic mean? | Low blood glucose level |
| What does hyperglycemic mean? | High blood glucose level |
| What is Type I diabetes? | Insulin-dependent |
| What is Type II diabetes? | Non-insulin-dependent |
| Where is "adrenaline" released? | Adrenal glands |
| What do thyroid hormones control? | The rate at which glucose is utilized for energy and body heat, which controls the basal metabolic rate (BMR) |
| What organ are the majority of chemicals and drug metabolized and is responsible for blood clotting "factors?"? | The liver |
| What organ filters out the body's internal fluids and maintains purity? | The kidneys |
| What is the minimum amount of time for NPO clear liquids according to the ASA guidelines? | 2 hours |
| What is the minimum amount of time for NPO light meal according to the ASA guidelines? | 6 hours |
| What is the minimum amount of time for NPO fried or fatty foods and meats according to the ASA guidelines? | 8 hours |
| Which kinds of patients are more susceptible to heat loss and more prone to iatrongenic hypo/hyperthermia? | Pediatric |
| What is primarily considered when administering anesthesia to pediatric patients? | Weight |
| What drug has the potential to trigger malignant hyperthermia in the susceptible patient? | Succinylcholine |
| What is a laryngospasm? | An involuntary spasm of the vocal cords |
Created by:
K_Wheeler94
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