Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
CJC 395 midterm
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| political violence | violence outside of state control that is politically motivated |
| conceptual problem | where do you start and where do you end? equilibrium v disequilibrium legitimate v illegitimate |
| equilibrium v disequilibrium | does political violence destabilize- move us away from normal politics? does political violence stabilize- move us back toward normal politics? |
| legitimate v illegitimate | is political violence used by fringe actors and does it fall outside normal violence of the state? is political violence used by the state to quell fringe actors and return back to normal? |
| analytical problem | what is considered political and how is it measured? physical v potential level of analysis: individual, group, system epistemological level: objective or subjective interpretation |
| physical v potential | is political violence that which includes actual physical damage or injury? is political violence that which can potentially cause physical harm or damage though it has not yet? |
| level of analysis: individual, group, system | where do we look to try and understand the causes and consequences of political violence? |
| individual level of analysis | private motivations and expectations, deals directly with individual psychology |
| group level of analysis | expression through relatively organized groups, resources of groups, ideology |
| system level of analysis | rooted in the nature of the social system, determining factors present in the political, social, economic, or cultural environment |
| epistemological level: objective or subjective interpretation | who decides what political violence is, and what type of political violence it is, and who is responsible? |
| definition problem | where does the science of political violence begin? general v political |
| general v political | how do we decide something is simply violence v when something is political violence |
| structural violence | form of violence wherein a social structure or institution harms people by preventing them from meeting their basic needs or achieving their full potential |
| continuum of violence | violence begets violence humans are responsible for its own continuation |
| collective action problem | group of individuals may collectively benefit from a certain action, but the costs associated with acting hinder the action |
| tragedy of the commons | individuals acting only with regard to their own self interest will inevitably end up working against the common good |
| free rider problem | an individual enjoying the perks of collective resource having not put fourth any effort to obtaining said resource |
| macro level of analysis | environmental preconditions that set the state for political violence must be political opportunity |
| meso level of analysis | organizational level attributes that determine group objectives and abilities, social relationships and how they impact political action |
| micro level of analysis | individual psychology- how individuals construct reality, individual values and morals |
| opportunity structures | situational context matters for collective action |
| resource mobilization | how do organizations harness new resources and how do they maximize current resources to ensure organizational success |
| social sanctions | individuals behave certain ways because of social pressure and social rewards |
| social networks | who individuals know and how they are connected |
| frames | how individuals construct meaning and how they comprehend ideas or ideologies |
| culture | individuals often have ideas about certain activities or behavior based on their cultural socialization |
| instinctive sources of aggression | a person's natural inclination toward violence |
| learned sources of aggression | learned from human relations, rationalistically chosen based on experience |
| response sources of aggression | interference with goal oriented behavior, inclination to attack agent blocking goal attainment |
| relative deprivation | the tension that develops from a discrepancy between the value expectations and the value capabilities of collective value satisfaction, disposes individuals to violence |
| decremental deprivation | value capabilities slowly decrease as value expectations stay the same |
| aspirational deprivation | value expectations slowly increase as value capabilities stay the same |
| progressive deprivation | value expectations exponentially increase as value capabilities dwindle |
| rational choice | way of modeling our world around the foundational assumption that human beings are rational decision makers |
| rational actor | someone who makes decisions based on a utility function |
| sacred values | moral imperatives that seem to drive behavior independently of any concrete material goal |
| devoted actor | actors who are willing to make extreme sacrifices that are independent or likely prospects of success |
| Scott Atran | Theory of Sacred Values |
| Tedd Gurr | Why Men Rebel |
| Perry Mars | murdered in Guyana |
| interstate wars | wars fought between two or more states |
| intrastate wars | wars that takes place between armed groups representing the state, and one or more nonstate groups that are members of the same state |
| extrasystemic wars | wars fought between system members and either independent nonmembers of the interstate system (imperial) or ethnically different non independent non members (colonial) |
| Stathis Kalyvas | distinction (lackthereof) between old and new civil wars |
| old civil wars | ended with the establishment of new states, the ending of violence (slavery), glorious achievements clearly defined goals, clear ends |
| new civil wars | war crime tribunals, child soldiers, sexual violence, terrorism lack purpose other than more war |
| causes and motivation of civil wars | looting and ideology are problematic concepts- easy to measure, hard to verify hard to measure but easy to verify |
| support of civil wars | old- everyone picks a side, split in two new civil wars- fractionalization, no one picks a side |
| violence of civil wars | old- controlled violence, honor and valor new- gratuitous violence, calculated |
| what causes civil war? | opportunity (the circumstances in which people are able to rebel) motive (the circumstances in which people want to rebel) |
| greed and civil wars | rebels are motivated by their desire to improve their situation, economic explanations |
| grievance and civil wars | political, social, economic, cultural |
| civil war | an internal conflict with at least 1000 combat related deaths per year, both gov forces and an identifiable rebel organization must suffer at least 5% of these fatalities |
| proxies for greed | natural resource extortion, diaspora support and funding, hostile government support and funding, per capita income, level of education, availability of cheap weapons |
| controls in civil war | favorable terrain, geographic dispersion, ethno religious diversity |
| proxies for grievance | ethnic/religious hatred, political repression and political exclusion, economic inequality |
| Raphael Lemkin | coined term genocide |
| 8 stages of genocide | classification, symbolization, dehumanization, organization, polarization, preparation, extermination, denial |
| James Waller | Becoming Evil |
| irrational crowd | individuals in a crowd are prone to irregular, unpredictable, and irrational behavior |
| Le Bon | in a crowd he is a barbarian- irrational crowd principle |
| Daniel Goldhagen | Holocaust could only have happened in Nazi Germany |
| Ben Valentino | Early Warning Project- data initiative for detecting mass killings early |
| mass killing | deliberate actions of armed groups in a particular country result in the death of at least 1000 noncombatant civilians in less than a year, against a specific group |
| free rider problem | expected benefit from inaction |
| conceptual issues- border problem | how do you differentiate guerrilla warfare, urban guerrilla warfare, and terrorism? |
| conceptual issues- membership problem | one group's "revolutionary war" is another group's "terrorist organization" |
| conceptual issues- stretching | everything becomes terrorism |
| conceptual issues- traveling problem | victim's proximity to the violence determines viewpoint |
| terrorism judicial definition | federal crime while murder is a state offense, different sentencing |
| terrorism normative definition | no term more polarizing, debate on how to handle it affects all levels of policy making |
| terrorism academic definition | how we code and analyze attacks, need to be clear about what is and is not, help develop strategies to counter the act |
| public dialogue on terrorism | used as a weapon, political football loaded with negative connotation and derisive judgement that far surpasses other labels for violence |
| David C Rapaport | taught first lesson on terrorism, founder of Terrorism and Political Violence journal |
| waves of terrorism | cycle of activity in each time period, common denominator that shapes it, distinct endpoint |
| wave one terrorism | anarchists |
| anarchist terrorism | self defined, vindicated as liberators Czar Alexander II, golden age of assassinations |
| wave two terrorism | anti colonialists |
| anti colonialist terrorism | strong colonial pressure, asymmetry of power, international organizations end of WWI, break up of Ottoman Empire, international state system |
| wave three terrorism | left wing terror |
| left wing terrorism | theatrical targeting, hijacking, kidnapping, hostage taking Vietnam War, Palestine Israel conflict |
| wave four terrorism | religious in nature |
| religious terrorism | religious appeal, suicide bombing, larger recruiting range and tactics, more deadly new Islamic century, Iranian revolution, Soviet invasion of Afghanistan |
| key conclusions from terrorism | can be a successful strategy, strategy has been streamlined to become more efficient, programs for democracy and self determination failed |
| Barbara F Walter | leading expert on civil wars, violent extremism, domestic terror |
| Andrew Kydd | expert in game theoretic analysis of international security issues |
| logic of terrorism | allow honest communication with terrible price, provide credible information to audiences whose behavior they hope to influence |
| attrition | persuade the enemy that the group is strong and resolute enough to inflict serious costs |
| intimidation | obtain greater control over a population and prevent undesired behavior, |
| spoiling | ensuring that a peaceful resolution is not obtained, maintaining instability |
| outbidding | factional terrorism- get the population on your side |
| provocation | persuade the domestic audience that the target of the attacks is the extremist, shift civilian support toward organization |
| jus in bello | justice in war |
| jus ad bellum | justice of war |
| jus post bellum | justice after war |
Created by:
gillwags
Popular Criminal Justice sets