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CRJS 1001 Review
100 Questions, all multiple choice
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a key principle of differential association theory? | A lack of discipline and appropriate socialization causes deviance |
| Eysenck's Theory of Crime and Personality (psychological theories of crime) draws on what concept to argue that deviant behaviour is inherently reinforcing, so children will only refrain if punished. | Classical Conditioning |
| What best illustrates the Foucaldian concept of a micro-power? | A red light camera |
| What best defines role theory, as part of the liberal approach to theorizing women's criminality, or lack thereof? | Differences between men and women are seen as due to gender roles and socialization patterns |
| What is the term used for an unintended events, process, or situation that can affect the movement of an individual along a deviant career? | Career Contingency |
| What is included in Hagan's Continuum of Crime and Deviance? | The degree of consensus that an act is wrong, degree of harm, and the severity of society's response to the act |
| What was the root of early explanations of women's criminality? | A lack of biological maternal drives |
| What is meant by Foucault's use of the term panopticon? | Modern societies that involve constant discipline and surveillance of citizens |
| What are the critiques of social control theories? | They do not take into consideration the political and economic structures that produce crime, focus on parenting overlooks social conditions like inequality |
| What best represents the focus of early theories of women's crime? | Women were seen as less intelligent and more devious as men |
| What are the 8 Core Needs of Victims? | Right to recognition that they've been harmed, to info, assistance, reparation, protection from the accused, participation and representation in the CRJS process, be effective public policies to reduce victimization, and implementation |
| Group conflict theory begins with what assumption? | The more complex a society becomes, the greater the probability that there will be culture conflict |
| What two areas of symbolic interactionist theories can be seen in the context of socialization into crime? | The process of differential association and acquisition of a criminal identity |
| What best characterizes Durkheim's concept of "anomie"? | Anomie exists when a society is characterized by normlessness and rapid change |
| What does the textbook suggest is partially to blame for the slow progress to attain victim rights in Canada? | Resistance to change within the traditional criminal justice system |
| What term is used by Agamben to describe the power of the sovereign to suspend civil liberties in the name of the greater good? | State of Exception |
| According to cultural criminologists, what does "dangerous knowledge" refer to? | Form of knowledge that leaves to concept or idea unquestioned, including that of criminology itself |
| What statement coincides with Gottfredson and Hirschi's notion of self-control? | Those who fail to develop self-control in child are more likely to become criminals |
| What scenarios best represents what cultural criminologists mean by "soft city"? | Illegal occupation of a park by advocates of the homeless |
| What are the four social bonds described by Travis Hirschi's social control theory? | Attachment, commitment, involvement, belief. |
| What concept did Foucault say extends beyond the state and is not a quantity to hold or possess, but rather is relational and only evident when exercised? | Power |
| What is a Marxist theory of criminality most closely associated with? | The conflict perspective |
| Critical criminologists use what approach to refer to the oppression that the state enacts on its citizens and the ways in which oppressed people push back and create social change? | Dialectic |
| What is among the most important concepts for interactionist theories of crime? | The deviant career |
| According to theories about the nature of the morality curve, what is the best way to reduce crime rates overall? | Reduce crime among the elite and powerful, since inequality produces too much power in the elite, and such power corrupts them which produces more upper-class crime |
| The cultural construction of rape refers to what? | How myths about the nature of rape, rape victims, and offenders form widespread public beliefs |
| What concept is introduced by BF Skinner who argued that rewarding behaviour cound change anti-social behaviour in delinquents and criminals? | Operant conditioning |
| According to Marxist criminologists, what best represents the roots of conflict and hence crime? | Capitalist and class relations |
| What best describes this course's approach to criminology? | Body of knowledge that regards crime as a social phenomenon |
| Residential schooling system of Canada is an example of? | State crime |
| What theory of women's criminality argued that as women's participation in the job market increased, so too would their participation in criminal activity? | Women's Liberation Theory |
| What best defines Foucault's use of the term governmentality? | How social institutions reproduce power inequalities |
| What was the mode of production in small-scale societies? | Hunting and Gathering |
| As part of strain theory and the concept of anomie, what does relative deprivation refer to? | Ways in which some individuals will experience strain due to their lack of access to culturally prescribed goals |
| As part of Bourdieu's field theory, what concept refers to the various qualities that are valuable within a specific field? | Capital |
| What does the gender-ratio problem refer to, as part of feminist criminology? | Women's lower rates of criminality versus men's |
| What are the four suggestions from the textbook lean toward making systemic change as a way to shift and rebalance our criminal justice system to address the needs of victims? | Model Legislation, An Independently Funded Institute, Social Science Evaluations, and An amendment to the Charter of Rights and Freedoms |
| What are the six main areas of the discipline of criminology? | Definition of crime and criminals, origins and role of law, social distribution of crime, causation of crime, patterns of criminal behaviour, and societal reactions to them |
| What is the legal definition of crime? | Crime is an act or omission that violates the criminal law and is punishable with a jail term, fine, and/or some other sanction |
| White-collar crime? | Crime committed by people in the course of their legitimate business activities |
| Consensus theory? | Laws represent the agreement of most of the people in society that certain acts should be prohibited by the criminal law |
| Value? | Collective idea about what is right or wrong, good or bad, and desirable or undesirable in a particular culture |
| Class conflict theory? | Laws are passed by members of the ruling class to maintain their privileged position by keeping the common people under control |
| Group conflict theory? | Theory that attempts to explain certain types of criminal behaviour as resulting from a conflict between the interests of divergent groups |
| Green criminology? | Theory that criminology should include a focus on harmful actions against animals and the environment to debate about the causes and consequences of environmental destruction |
| Collective solidarity? | State of social bonding or interdependency that rests on similarity of beliefs and values, shared activities, and ties of kinship and cooperation among members of a community |
| Subsistence-based society? | Society with production being only sufficient to meet immediate necessities, generating little or no surplus |
| Self-based redress? | The harmed party (mostly small) took matters into his/her own hands to seek a settlement such as revenge, successful negotiations, or some kind of compensation |
| Kin-based redress? | A family member sought a settlement on behalf of a harmed family member |
| Crisis of Legitimacy? | Situation where the state no longer maintains authority to govern |
| What is the difference between reliability and validity? | Reliability measures the consistency of the results, while validity confirms on the efficiency of the tools used to measure the data |
| Methodology? | Do the methods used to count crime hold up under critical analysis? |
| What are the methodological issues preventing criminal records from being converted into statistics? | Units of count, level of aggregation, definitions, data element, and counting procedure |
| Why was the Canadian Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) placed? | To provide uniform and comparable national statistics across jurisdictions |
| What is the difference between UCR's aggregate (1.0) and incident-based (2.0) surveys? | UCR Aggregate surveys collect summary data for 100 separate criminal offences, UCR Incident-based surveys collects more detailed info on each incident, victims, and accused |
| Conservative Approach | Approach that understands "difference" between men and women as biologically based sex differences. Women were viewed as "naturally" inferior or unequal to men |
| Liberal Approach | Distinguishes sex (biological) from gender (cultural) and sees differences between men and women as resulting from gender roles and socialization patterns |
| Generalizability Problem | Raises the issue of whether mainstream theories of crime (which was largely developed with men in mind) can be made to "fit" women |
| Gender-ratio Problem | Poses the question of why there are sex differences in rates of arrest and types of criminal activity between men and women |
| What kinds of women were commonly found criminalized? | Young, poor, undereducated, unskilled, indigenous |
| Why has victim reporting has been declining in Canada? Unlike the US and Britain. | Lack of supports and info for victims of crime, as well as slow progress to attain victim rights in Canada: resistance to change |
| What did Lombroso observe in Positive School for criminology? | He observed physical differences between criminals and noncriminals, founded that criminals (who he refers to as atavists) are born as criminals who can be distinguished by stigmata |
| Atavism | Tendency to revert to something ancient or ancestral. In context of Lombroso, criminals were throwbacks to an earlier stage of evolution, referring them as atavists |
| Stigmata | Physical signs that a person is an atavist |
| What was Goring's biological theory on criminals? | Criminals have lower avg. intelligence |
| What was Hooton's biological theory on criminals? | Criminals were socially and biologically inferir to non-criminals |
| What was Sheldon's biological theory on criminals? | Body types of endomorphs, mesmorphs, and ectomorphs were associated with different personality traits. Mesmorphs (muscular types with aggressive personalities) were more likely to be involved in delinquent or criminal behaviour. |
| What are the assumptions underlying psychological theories of crime? | Assumption of offender deficit and discriminating traits |
| Assumption of offender deficit | View that offenders who break the law have some psychological deficit that distinguishes them from normal, law-abiding citizens |
| Assumption of discriminating traits | View that offenders are distinguished from non-offenders by, for example, their high levels of impulsiveness and aggression |
| Community Psychology | Perspective that analyzes social problems as largely a product of organizational and institutional characteristics of society. |
| What are the four levels in the "Levels of Analysis" perspective? | Individual level, small group level, organizational level, institutional or community level |
| What are the 3 forces in a personality according to the Psychoanalytic Theory? | Id, Ego, and Superego |
| Id | Biological urges that continually strive for gratification |
| Ego | Juggles with the Id and Superego to deal with reality and making decisions |
| Superego | Ethical and moral dimensions of personality; an individual's consciousness |
| What did Jean Piaget find from his research on moral develpment of children? | Moral reasoning was learned in stages, children go from egocentrism for lacking empathy, to cooperation by the age of 11 or 12 |
| What are the 6 stages of moral development that Kohlberg hypothesized from expanding on Piaget's theory? | Punishment and Instrumental Hedonism (Preconventional, egocentrism), Approval of others and Authority maintaining morality (Conventional, social expectations), democratically accepted law and principles of conscience (Postconventional, universality) |
| According to Social Learning Theory, people learn new behaviour through what? | Modelling: vicarious learning by watching others |
| Evolutionary Theory is based on who's perspective? | Darwinian |
| Reproductive fitness variance | Range of possible offspring an organism can produce |
| What does Anti-social Personality Disorders involve? | Disregard for the rights of others as well as impulsive, irresponsible, and aggressive behaviour |
| What does Tooby say about criminals with the Evolutionary theory? | Through natural selection, traits that have helped humans to survive and reproduce are genetically passed on to the next generation. Criminal behaviour may have served an adaptive function for prehistoric humans |
| What did Babiak and Hare find on psychopaths? | Psychopaths seem to lack empathy for their victims and do not feel guilty about their crimes. They neither learn from their experience nor fear the consequences of their behaviour. |
| What does Merton mean by the gap between aspirations and means? | Crime is the result of the gap between culturally prescribed aspirations and the socially structured means of realizing them |
| Culturally Prescribed Aspirations | Rejection of the notion that aspirations are self-created; they are defined by culture and transmitted by other members of the society |
| Opportunity Structures | Opportunity is shaped by how society or an institution is organized or structured, so thus crime was primarily lower class |
| What makes policy implications important? | Inequality in opportunity structures increases crime, so policy implications enables lower class to participate more fully in society, while increasing legitimate opportunity structures and decreasing illegitimate ones |
| What do conflict theorists question? | The assumption that laws represent the interests of society as a whole, which operates to reinforce inequality, producing social injustices |
| Cultural Conflict | Theory that attempts to explain certain types of criminal behaviour as resulting from a conflict between the conduct norms of divergent cultural groups |
| Conduct Norms | Specific rules or norms of appropriate behaviour generally agreed upon by members of the social group to whom the behavioural norms apply |
| What does Richard Quinney claim in regards to group conflict theory? | The more powerful segments or social groups are able to secure and protect their own interests by influencing the formulation, enforcement, and administration of criminal law |
| Instrumental Marxism | Assumes the state and legal and political institutions reflect interests of the ruling/capitalist class, and that law is equated with class rule so it is an instrument for the bourgeoisie |
| Structural Marxism | State is viewed as acting in the long-term interests of capitalism as a whole rather than in the short-term interests of the capitalist class. State and its institutions are independent from some elites in capitalist class |
| Structural Marxism is based on the term entailing that the state has a certain amount of independence from the capitalist class to enact laws outside of that class' interest, what is the term? | Relative Autonomy |
| Left Realism | Crime is a problem for working class. Taking crime seriously, for left realists, means developing a working-class criminology that examines and offers practical solutions to the street crime that marginalized people experience. |
| Critical Criminology | Attempts to draw attention to hidden and overlooked injustices scattered throughout our world. Seeks to highlight and genuinely grasp inequalities, discrimination, and suffering by practicing a transofrmative brand of critique |
| What are the 6 propositions founded by Taylor, Walton, and Young from The New Criminology? | Crime and socio-cultural context, political-economic dimensions of crime, crime and capitalism, role of power in shaping criminal justice, materialist analysis, dialectic approach |
| As part of Bourdieu's field theory, what concept refers to the various dispositions acquired through experience to allow one to react to situations that arise in a field without having to actively plot one's move? | Habitus |
| Wacquant's Carceral-Assistential Mesh | When the left and right hand of the state come together to punish the poor |
| What does Agamben mean by Sovereignty and the State of Exception? | The suspension of civil liberties and human rights for the sake of social control and national security. The sovereign holds their power to declare a state of exception, so civil liberties are suspended in the interest of defending a nation |
| The sovereign in modern society establishes the conditions with the social contract under which society return citizens to a state of life free from laws and rights. What is the term for it? | Naked life |
| What does Derrida mean by "Deconstruction is Justice"? | Deconstruction provides insight into what is really going on behind words and phrases, where all language is a trace which provides a silent essential part of their meaning without using words |
| The idea of symbolic interactionism is at the heart of a theory claiming how the social response to initial acts of deviance can move a person toward a deviant identity and career. What is the theory? | Labelling theory |
| What's the difference between primary and secondary deviation? | Primary occurs when someone commits deviant acts but fails to adopt a primary self-identity as a deviant, secondary occurs when accepts the identity |
| Moral Rhetorics | Set of claims and assertions deviants make to justify their deviant behaviour |
| What do some young people do when they have a strong value commitment to deviant norms and identities? | They "drift" between the world of respectability and that of deviance, "drift" being a psychological state of weak normative attachment to either deviant or conventional ways |
| Master status | Status overriding all other in perceived importance. Whatever other personal or social qualities individuals possess, they're udged primarily y this one attribute. "In spite of everything you've done for them, eventually they will hate you" |
| What are the implications of interactionist theory? | The widespread label of deviance makes re-entry into the community problematic, and such labels colour the judgement people make of those who are labelled |
| Egoistic Suicide | When there are weak social constraints and the person acts in self-interest |
| Anomic Suicide | When a lack of social integration leaves a society without a clear system of moral beliefs and statements |
| According to Shaw and McKay, deviance doesn't originate in pathology of individuals, but what? And what did they find from studiying crime in Chicago? | Social disorganization of communities. They founded that Chicago had high crime rates for a while, despite racial changes in population, since neighbourhood institutions and organizations lacking social control, thus criminal subculture developed |
| What are the policy implications for social control theory? | Criminal behaviour can be addressed by strengthening families to ensure parents love and care for their children, quality of effective schools can promote social bonds, self-control, and pro-social behaviour among at-risk students |
| Moral Entrepreneurs | Someone who defines new rules and laws or who advocates stricter enforcement of existing laws. They often have a financial or organizational interest in particular definitions or applications of law |
| Institutional Anomie | Weakened social controls and an imbalance of values that favour the economy |
| What are the critiques of biological and psychological theories of crime? | They may contribute to stereotypes and prejudices associated with mental illness, and tautological (repetitive) reasoning (Example: aggressive acts resulted from impulses, but evidence for impulses is aggressive acts) |
| What are the critiques of labelling theory and differential association theory? | Doesn't account for classed, gendered, or racialized differences. Lavelling isn't verified to be accurate or applied evenly |
| What are the critiques of social disorganization theories? | Early research was methodologically flawed, suffered from ecological fallacy: an error made when info is gathered at a group level and conclusions are drawn about individuals. So class doesn't correlate with criminal behaviour |
| What are the critiques of strain theory? | Account for social class difference but ignores other differences such as gender, doesn't account for the social conditions that produce inequality |
| What is the difference between Conflict theories and critical criminology? | Conflict theories are focused on understanding why crime happens in certain capitalist conditions, critical criminology is concerned with transformation and injustices |
| What are the critiques of early and mainstream conflict theories? | Support the status quo, ignore forms of oppression that criminalize marginalized groups in society |
| Left Hand of the State | Government departments & government-sponsored social service agenceis (e.g., welfare and housing) |
| Right Hand of the State | The might of the state & state-supported institutions (e.g., prisons) |
| What was Lombroso and Ferrero's adaptation of atavistic theory? | With the conservative approach, where men and women were different biologically, with women being inferior than men |
| Power-Control Theory | Parental control and adolescents' subsequent attitudes towards risk-taking behaviour are affected by family class relations |
| Patriarchal Family | Husband is employed in authority position in workforce, wife is not employed outside the house |
| Egalitarian Family | Both husband and wife are employed in authority positions outside the house |
| Contemporary Feminist Criminology | Outside mainstream criminology, criminalized women and feminization of poverty, gendered forms of victimization from social conditions in patriarchal societies, double victimization and violence against women, victimization-criminalization continuum |
| Queer Criminology | Feminist criminology is binary and heteronormative, LGBTTQ2S+ experiences of victimization and with the CRJS |
| What is the difference between Marxist theories and Group and Conflict theories? | Marxist theories only focuses on class conflict, Group and Conflict theories focus on conflict amongst different groups in society disregarding their class |
| What is the difference between Victimology and theories under the consensus approach? | Victimology is only focused on victims and their aftermath rather than understanding why criminals behave the way they do and how to stop them, unlike theories under the consensus approach |
| What is the difference between Feminist criminology and early and mainstream theories of crime? | Feminist criminology was more sexist, but early and mainstream theories actually started to focus more into women's perspectives |
| What terms lie under the Consensus approach? | The social contract, legitimacy of law, legal definitions of crime |
| What terms lie under the Conflict approach? | Human rights, law and power, social harms, law and inequality |
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kphan011
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