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criminal justice fin
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Crime Control Perspective | A model of criminal justice that emphasizes the control of dangerous offenders and the protection of society through harsh punishment as a deterrent to crime. |
| Social Control | A society's ability to control individual behavior in order to serve the best interests and welfare of the society as a whole |
| Criminal Justice System | The system of law enforcement, adjudication, and correction that is directly involved in the apprehension, prosecution, and control of those charged with criminal offenses |
| Due Process Perspective | A perspective on criminal justice that emphasizes individual rights and constitutional safeguards against arbitrary or unfair judicial or administrative proceedings |
| Equal Justice Perspective | A perspective on criminal justice based on the idea that all people should receive the same treatment under the law and should be evaluated on the basis of their current behavior, not on what they have done in the past |
| Rehabilitation Perspective | A perspective on criminal justice that sees crime as an expression of frustration and anger created by social inequality that can be controlled by giving people the means to improve their lifestyles through conventional endeavors |
| Restorative Justice Perspective | A perspective on criminal justice that sees the main goal of the criminal justice system as making a systematic response to wrongdoing that emphasizes healing victims, offenders, and communities wounded by crime. It stresses peacemaking, not punishment. |
| Nonintervention Perspective | A perspective on criminal justice that favors the least intrusive treatment possible: decarceration, diversion, and decriminalization |
| Wedding Cake Model | Being able to provide examples of different layers |
| Criminologists | Social scientists who use the scientific method to study the nature, extent, cause, and control of criminal behavior. |
| Developmental Theories | A view of crime holding that as people travel through the life course, their experiences along the way influence their behavior patterns. Behavior changes at each stage of the human experience. |
| Differential Association Theory | The view that criminal acts are related to a person's exposure to antisocial attitudes and values. |
| Early Onset | The beginning of antisocial behavior during early adolescence, after which criminal behavior is more likely to persist throughout the life span |
| General Deterrence | A crime control policy that depends on the fear of criminal penalties. Such as long prison sentences for violent crimes, are aimed at convincing the potential law violator that the pains associated with the crime outweigh the benefits |
| Latent Trait Theories | The view that human behavior is controlled by a master trait, present at birth or soon after, that influences and directs behavior |
| Life Course Theories | The view that criminality is a dynamic process influenced by people's perceptions and experiences throughout their lives, which may change their behavior for the better or the worse |
| Life Course Persisters | Delinquents who begin their offending career at a very early age and continue to offend well into adulthood |
| Routine Activities Theory | The view that crime is a product of three everyday factors: motivated offenders, suitable targets, and a lack of capable guardians |
| Social Control Theory | The view that most people do not violate the law because of their social bonds to family, peer group, school, and other institutions. If these bonds are weakened or absent, individuals are much more likely to commit crime |
| Social Learning Theory | The view that human behavior is learned through observation of human social interactions, either directly from those in close proximity or indirectly from the media |
| Social Reaction Theory | The view that society produces criminals by stigmatizingcertain individuals as deviants, a label that they come to accept as a personal identity |
| Social Structure | The stratifications, classes, institutions, and groups that characterize a society. |
| Community Policing | A law enforcement program that seeks to integrate officers into the local community to reduce crime and gain good community relations. It typically involves personalized service and decentralized policing. |
| Watch System | In medieval England, groups of men who organized in church parishes to guard at night against disturbances and breaches of the peace under the direction of the local constable. |
| Constable | In early English towns, an appointed peacekeeper who organized citizens for protection and supervised the night watch |
| Tythings | In medieval England, a collective group of 10 families that pledged to help one another and provide mutual aid |
| Hue and Cry | In medieval England, a call for mutual aid against trouble or danger |
| Hundred | In medieval England, a group of 100 families responsible for maintaining order and trying minor offenses |
| Blue Curtain | The secretive, insulated police culture that isolates officers from the rest of society |
| Deadly Force | The intentional use of a firearm or other instrument, resulting in a high probability of death |
| Non Deadly Force | Force that is unlikely to cause death or significant bodily harm |
| Corruption | Exercising legitimate discretion for improper reasons or using illegal means to achieve approved goals |
| Grass Eater | A term used to describe a police officer who accepts payoffs when everyday duties place him or her in a position to be solicited by the public |
| Meat Eater | A term used to describe a police officer who actively solicits bribes and vigorously engages in corrupt practices |
| Police Brutality | Actions such as using abusive language, making threats, using force or coercion unnecessarily, prodding with nightsticks, and stopping and searching people to harass them |
| Police Styles | The working personalities adopted by police officers that can range from being asocial worker in blue to being a hard-charging crime fighter |
| Racial Profiling | A term to describe racial influence over police discretion |
| Taser | A nonlethal conducted energy device that administers a shock to an uncooperative suspect by way of an electrified dart |
| Appellate Court | to which appeals are made on points of law resulting from the judgment of a lower court; may be asked to evaluate the impact of new evidence but more typically decides whether the state or federal constitution was improperly interpreted during a case. |
| Court Of General Jurisdiction | A state or federal court that has jurisdiction over felony offenses—serious crimes that carry a penalty of incarceration in a state or federal prison for one year or more. |
| Court Of Last Resort | A court that handles the final appeal on a matter—in the federal system, the U.S. Supreme Court. |
| Court Of Limited Jurisdiction | A court that has jurisdiction over misdemeanors and conducts preliminary investigations of felony charges |
| Defense Attorney | Legal counsel for the defendant in a criminal case, representing the accused person from arrest to final appeal. |
| District Attorney | The county prosecutor who is charged with bringing offenders to justice and enforcing the criminal laws of the state |
| Diversion | The use of an alternative to trial, such as referral to treatment or employment programs |
| Grand Jury | A group of citizens chosen to hear charges against persons accused of crime and to determine whether there is sufficient evidence to bring those persons to trial |
| Indigent Defendant | A defendant who lacks the funds to hire a private attorney and is therefore entitled to free counsel. |
| Judge | The senior officer in a court of law, who is authorized to hear and decide cases. |
| Assigned Counsel | A private attorney appointed by the court to represent a criminal defendant who cannot afford to pay for a lawyer |
| Nolle Prosequi | The decision by a prosecutor to drop a case after a complaint has been made because of, for example, insufficient evidence, witness reluctance to testify, police error, or office policy |
| Prosecutor | An appointed or elected member of the practicing bar who is responsible for bringing the state's case against the accused |
| Public Defender | An attorney employed by the government to represent criminal defendants who cannot afford to pay for a lawyer |
| Specialized Court | A court that has primary jurisdiction over specific types of offenses and that operates differently than a traditional criminal court, such as with a concern over outcomes and extensive judicial monitoring |
| Subpoena | A court order requiring a witness to appear in court at a specified time and place |
| Chivalry Hypothesis | The view that the low rates of crime and delinquency among females reflect the leniency with which female offenders are treated |
| Concurrent Sentences | Prison sentences for two or more criminal acts, served simultaneously and run together. |
| Consecutive Sentences | Prison sentences for two or more criminal acts, served one after the other. |
| Determinate Sentences | A fixed term of incarceration, such as three years' imprisonment. Sentences are felt by many to be too restrictive for rehabilitative purposes; the advantage is that offenders know how much time they have to serve—that is, when they will be released. |
| Indeterminate Sentences | A term of incarceration with a stated minimum and maximum length, such as a sentence to prison for a period of from three to 10 years. The prisoner is eligible for parole |
| Specific Deterrence | A crime control policy suggesting that punishment should be severe enough to convince convicted offenders never to repeat their criminal activity |
| Truth In Sentencing | A sentencing scheme requiring that offenders serve at least 85 percent of their original sentence before being eligible for parole or other forms of early release |
| Mandatory Sentence | A statutory requirement that a certain penalty shall be set and carried out in all cases upon conviction for a specified offense or series of offenses |
| Victim Impact Statement | A post conviction statement by the victim of crime or the victim's family that may be used to guide sentencing decisions |
| Sentencing Guidelines | A set of standards that defines parameters for trial judges to follow in their sentencing decisions. |
| Auburn System | A prison system, developed in New York during the nineteenth century, based on congregate (group) work during the day and separation at night |
| Pennsylvania System | A prison system developed in Pennsylvania during the nineteenth century based on total isolation and individual penitence |
| Boot Camp | A short-term, militaristic correction facility in which inmates undergo intensive physical conditioning and discipline. |
| Community Treatment | The attempt by correctional agencies to maintain convicted offenders in the community rather than in a secure facility; it includes probation, parole, and residential programs |
| Congregate System | A prison system originated in New York in which inmates worked and ate together during the day and then slept in solitary cells at night |
| Medium Security Prisons | A less secure institution that houses nonviolent offenders and provides more opportunities for contact with the outside world |
| Minimum Security Prisons | The least secure correctional institution, which houses white-collar and nonviolent offenders, maintains few security measures, and has liberal furlough and visitation policies. |
| Maximum Security Prisons | A correctional institution that houses dangerous felons and maintains strict security measures, high walls, and limited contact with the outside world |
| Super Maximum Security Prisons | A form of a maximum-security prison that uses high-level security measures to incapacitate the nation's most dangerous criminals. Most inmates are in lockdown 23 hours per day |
| Jail | A correctional facility designed to hold pretrial detainees and misdemeanants serving their criminal sentences. |
| Prison | A correctional facility designed to hold convicted felons while they serve their criminal sentences |
| Detention | The temporary care of a child alleged to be a delinquent or status offender who requires secure custody, pending court disposition |
| Disposition | For juvenile offenders, the equivalent of sentencing for adult offenders. The theory is that disposition is more rehabilitative than retributive. |
| Juvenile Court | A court that has original jurisdiction over persons defined by statute as legal minors and alleged to be involved in juvenile delinquency or status offenses. In some jurisdictions, these are family courts that also deal with custody and neglect issues. |
| Juvenile Delinquency | Participation in illegal behavior by a minor who falls under a statutory age limit. |
| Parens Patriae | Participation in illegal behavior by a minor who falls under a statutory age limit. |
| Status Offender | A noncriminal youth who falls under the jurisdiction of the juvenile court by reason of having engaged in behavior prohibited to minors, such as being truant from school, running away from home, or being habitually disobedient and ungovernable. |
| Transfer Hearing | The hearing in which a judge decides whether to waive a juvenile to the criminal court. Waiver decisions are based on such criteria as the child's age, prior offense history, and the nature of the offense |
| Cyberbullying | Willful and repeated harm done through the medium of electronic text. |
| Cybercrime | Illegal activity that uses a computer as its primary means of commission. Common forms of cybercrime include theft and destruction of information, resources, and funds |
| Cyberstalking | Using the Internet, email, or other electronic communications devices to stalk or harass another person |
| Cybertheft | The use of computer networks for criminal profits. Copyright infringement, identity theft, and Internet securities fraud are examples of cybertheft. |
| Cybervandalism | Malicious attacks aimed at disrupting, defacing, and destroying technology. |
| Cyberwarfare | Politically motivated attacks designed to compromise the electronic infrastructure of an enemy nation and disrupt its economy |
| Green Crime | Criminal activity that involves the violation of rules and laws designed to protect people, the environment (including illegal dumping, polluting, fishing, logging, and so on), or both |
| Identity Theft | Using the Internet to steal someone's identity and/or impersonate the victim in order to conduct illicit transactions, such as committing fraud using the victim's name and identity. |
Created by:
connorbuky13
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