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CACJ 11
Final review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the Bill of Rights? | The first ten amendments of the constitution. The 10th amendment gives power back to the states |
| What is the second amendment? | The right to bear arms |
| What is the Conflict Model of Crime? | Criminal laws are determined by those who hold economic, social, and political power (politicians) |
| What is the Consensus Model of Crime? | Majority of citizens share the same values and violations of these values are deemed harmful to society |
| What is Federalism? | Form of government where power is divided between a central power (federal government) and regional government (state government) |
| What is criminology? | The scientific study of crime and what causes criminal behaviors |
| Who is the "Father of Criminology"? | Cesare Lombroso |
| What is the "id"? | The part of the mind that controls innate instinctive and primary processes |
| What is the "social disorganization" theory? | Theory that deviant behavior is more likely in communities where social institutions such as families, schools, and the criminal justice system fail to exert control over the population |
| What is "strain theory"? | The assumption that crime is the result of frustration felt by individuals who cannot reach their financial and personal goals through legitimate means |
| What is "NIBRS"? | National Incident Based Reporting System |
| What is the main reason for a decline in crime rate? | Longer prison sentences, crimes are contained within the prison |
| Which racial group is most likely to be a victim of homicide? | Black Americans |
| What is statutory law? | Laws or ordinances created by federal, state, and local legislatures |
| What is the supreme law of the land? | Federal law |
| What is the "legal function" of the law? | To protect and punish and to maintain and teach |
| What is "constitutional law"? | Law expressed in the US constitution and the various state constitutions |
| What is "intelligence-led" policing? | Use of predictive policing, relying on data from the past to predict the future, focusing resources on high crime areas |
| What is the oldest federal law enforcement agency? | US Marshals Service |
| Why were state police agencies created? | To assist local police agencies, to investigate crimes that crossed jurisdictional boundaries, and to provide law enforcement in rural and other areas that did not have local agencies |
| What is the same as "18"? | 18 |
| What is the Metropolitan Police Act? | 1829; created the London Metropolitan Police (Sir Robert Peel) |
| What is "Noble Cause Corruption"? | Knowing misconduct by a police officer with the goal of attaining what the officer believes is a "just" result |
| What was learned by the "Kansas City Patrol Experiment"? | Increasing or decreasing preventive patrol has little to no impact on crimes, public opinion, the effectiveness of police, police response time, traffic accidents, and/or reports of crime to the police |
| What is the "Broken Window" theory? | Neighborhoods in disrepair signal criminal activity; focus on quality-of-life crimes can reclaim neighborhoods and reduce crimes |
| What is considered a ritual that indoctrinates a new officer into police subculture? | Attending the police academy, working with a senior officer who passes down knowledge, making an initial felony arrest, using force to make an arrest for the first time, using or witnessing deadly force for the first time, witnessing major traumatic event |
| What are the effects of police cynicism? | Officers lose respect for the law, which results in them replacing legal rules with those learned by police subculture, which are believed to be more reflective of reality |
| What are the requirements for a "stop and frisk"? | An officer must have reasonable suspicion to stop someone, and a frisk occurs when the officer feels that the suspect is a risk to those around them |
| What are the exigent circumstances in which an officer can enter a dwelling without announcing themselves? | If the suspect is armed and poses a strong threat of violence, people inside the dwelling are destroying evidence or escaping, or a felony is being committed |
| What amendment protects a citizen from self-incrimination? | Fifth amendment |
| What is the purpose of a frisk? | A protective measure, when the officer is justified in thinking that the safety of police officers or other citizens may be endangered |
| How are federal judges selected? | Appointed by the president, subject to approval by the Senate |
| What is the role of a judge during a trial? | Responsible for seeing that the trial unfolds according to the dictates of the law and that the participants of the trial do not overstep any legal or ethical boundaries |
| What is the "Dual Court" system? | The separate but interrelated court system of the United States made up of the courts on a national level and on a state level |
| What are the levels of the state court systems? | Lower courts (courts of limited jurisdiction), trial courts of general jurisdiction, appellate courts, the state's highest court |
| What position is the chief lawyer of the state and the nation? | Attorney general |
| What type of guilt are police officers concerned with? | Factual guilt |
| What is the main responsibility of a defense attorney? | To represent the defendant at various stages of the custodial process (arrest, interrogation, line-up, and arraignment) |
| What is the written accusation of a grand jury? | Indictment |
| What is the size of a jury in the federal system? | 12 members, but can be adjusted |
| What are the rights under the fifth amendment? | The right not to testify, the right against incrimination, double jeopardy |
| At trial, after the prosecution rests, the defense can make what type of motion? | Motion for a directed verdict (prosecution has not offered enough evidence to prove the defendant is guilty beyond a reasonable doubt) |
| What are affirmative defenses? | The defense tries to prove that the defendant should not be guilty because of certain circumstances surrounding the crime (insanity, entrapment, etc.) |
| What do supporters of the death penalty argue for its effectiveness? | It serves as the ultimate deterrent for violent criminal behavior and that criminals who are put to death are the "worst of the worst"/deserve their fate |
| What are indeterminate sentences? | Imposition of a sentence that prescribes a range of years rather than a specified number of years to be served |
| What are truth-in-sentencing laws? | Legislative attempts to ensure that convicts will serve approximately the terms to which they were sentenced |
| Who compiles the presentence investigation report? | An investigative report on an offender's background that assists a judge in determining the proper sentence, compiled by a probation officer, social worker, or psychologist |
| What is the goal of victim impact statements? | A statement to the sentencing body (jury, judge, parole board, etc.) in which victims are given the opportunity to describe how they have been affected by the crime- increasing the time of a sentence |
| What is the justification of community-based corrections? | Reintegration (rebuilds connections between offender and community), diversion (relieve the pressure on overloaded courts and jails), and the "low cost alternative" (saves the government money) |
| What is intermittent sentencing? | The offender spends a certain amount of time of each week (usually the weekend) in a jail, workhouse, or government institutions |
| Who sets the condition of probation? | The judge |
| What is a split sentence? | A sentence under which the defendant serves up to half of their term of imprisonment outside of prison |
| What is the custodial prison model? | Based on the assumption that prisoners are incarcerated for reason of incapacitation, deterrence, and retribution; all decisions within the prison are made with an eye towards security and discipline |
| What is the reintegration model of prisons? | The correctional institution serves as a training ground for the inmate to prepare for existence in the community; becoming more influential, as corrections officials react to problems such as prison overcrowding |
| What prison model has dominated the most restrictive prisons? | Custodial model |
| What are the three broad criteria for classification of sentencing? | Seriousness of crime committed, the future risk of violent or criminal conduct, the need for treatment or rehabilitation programs |
| What is prisonization? | The socialization process through which a new inmate learns the accepted norms and values of the prison culture |
| What is a total institution? | An institution, such as a prison, that provides resources such as the necessities for existence to those who live within its boundaries |
| What is gleaning referring to incarceration? | Inmates who take advantage of prison resources such as libraries or drug treatment programs in order to improve themselves to return to society |
| What is deprivation in relation to prison life? | A theory that inmate aggression is the result of the frustration that inmates feel at being deprived of freedom, consumer goods, sex, and other staples of life outside the institution |
Created by:
kate.carlson
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