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CJ 5&6
Criminal Justice Chap 5/6
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Policing | Primary Form of Social Control |
| Interactive and recursive | relationship between the police and the environment in which they operate |
| What branch is the police apart of? | Executive Branch |
| What is the executive branch? | part of government which enforces the law, and has overall responsibility for the governance of a state. |
| What are the police required to operate in? | The parameters of the substantive, procedural and case law |
| Who exercises considerable discretion? | The Police |
| The police must adhere to what? | well-established constitutional provisions and protection |
| Who's the most visible component of the CJS? | The Police |
| Who's the largest component? | The Police |
| Why did policing become a thing? | England needed organized policing |
| Who were the early police reformers? | Sir Henry Fielding, Patrick Colquhoun, Sir Robert Peel, Charles Rowan & Richard Mayne |
| What is discretion? | the ability and authority to choose amongst different courses of action or inaction |
| Colonists brought policing ideas from where? | England, France, Spain |
| Who does the police impact? | Individuals and the CJ system |
| Police work in what type of society? | Democratic |
| Colonists brought policing ideas from where? | England, France, Spain |
| Society does not occur in what? | A vacuum. |
| Law enforcement was performed originally by who? | watchmen, constables and sheriffs |
| Where were formalized departments formed? | Boston (1838), NYC (1844), Philadelphia (1854) |
| What were 3 major concerns during the formative years? | Should police wear uniforms, be armed or use extensive force? |
| What was the "Political Spoils/Entrenchment" era fueled by? | Jobs, Political affiliation, Ward boss's influence, intimidation. |
| How was early problems like corruption and maladministration addressed? | Through formation of citizen oversight committees (they were met with resistance from police unions) |
| What was the "Professional Era" ? | It was an era that emerged due to problems of a political spoils system that was corrupted. |
| When did the IACP form? | 1893 |
| What is the IACP? | International Association of Chiefs of Police; enhancing community safety by shaping the police profession. |
| Philosophy on preventive patrol | O.W Wilson |
| Who wrote the first book on Police Administration? | O.W. Wilson (1950s) |
| Why did numerous investigative commissions form? | Due to corruption |
| What did the trend towards professionalism coincide with? | Shift in L.E roles, emphasis on a bureaucratic model, advances in tech and science. |
| What are the factors of the "Modern Era"? | Significant Supreme Court Decisions, Availability of specialized training and equipment, questions regarding effectiveness, race and gender, police-community relations. |
| Where does public knowledge about the police come from? | The media. |
| Where does lesser known-facts come from? | Isolated contacts, third-person accounts, and rumors. |
| What do most people think police are engaged in? | Shootouts, high-speed chases, interrogations, undercover, major investigations, corruptions, high-priority calls/emergencies. |
| What do the police really do? | Boring work, paperwork, collabs, patrols, reporting, intervening, helping, giving directions, meeting with the community, traffic. |
| Who does "order maintenance"? | The Police (making sure things don't get out of hand) |
| What fraction of calls deals with problem-solving? | 1/2 |
| What are the percentages? | 10% of calls require enforcement, 30% order maintenance, 20% intelligence gathering, 40% service. |
| What are the balances? | demands from competing constituencies, crime control against individual liberties, use of force, effectiveness and fairness, "How to police the police". |
| What does the Christopher Commission do? | Investigates racism between officers or between officers or citizens. Looked at the LA pd. |
| What did the Malan Commission do? | Look at NY, and police corruption. Specifically, Michael Doud driving a Corvette, selling drugs/committing armed robberies. |
| What did the bureau model represent? | better supervision |
| What happened in the 1960s? | due process revolution- ensured everyone's rights were respected/treated equally. Supreme Court made sure police were respecting ppl's rights. |
| Where does Policing/L.E occur? | all levels of gov, but comes from the executive branch. |
| Where are Fed agencies organized? | under the US DOJ and work to enforce fed laws and support the work of state/local agencies. |
| Where do state police provide L.E? | unincorporated areas, manage intra-state and highway traffic, and support local agencies. |
| What does the County Sheriff do? | Provide support to unincorporated areas, and operate jail facilities. |
| What is a sheriff? | Chief of L.E in a county. |
| What is a constable? | an appointed peacemaker who organizes citizens for protections/supervised night watches. |
| What is a Justice of the Peace? | Official appointed to act as the judicial officer in a county. |
| Metropolitan Police Act | Sir Robert Peel's legislation that established the first police force in London. Police must work in a 7 mile radius. |
| Wickersham commission (aka National Commission on Law, Observance and Enforcement) | Created by Pres Hoover in 1929, to study the US CJS, including police. |
| Municipal Police provide... | protection in cities/towns; most common agency. |
| L.E work varies and is highly decentralized | TRUE |
| No 2 police departments are the same | TRUE |
| "Varieties of Police Behavior" (1968) | James Q. Wilson |
| What did James Q. Wilson demonstrate? | More abstract ways of examining L.E and PD. Examined L.Es in NY and West Coast. |
| 3 agencies fall along a continuum. | Watchmen >Legalistic > Service |
| What are Watchmen? | neighborhood police officers ( on foot), they don't make many arrests. They gotta use the discretion they're granted to solve issues. |
| What are Legalistics? | it enforces law, and can be considered an in-between (Watchmen and Service) type of behavior. |
| What is service characterized by? | efforts to meet needs & expectations, attention to special populations, community partnerships, crime prevention programs. |
| Most agencies need to be flexible | TRUE |
| Officers may employ their own style | TRUE |
| PDs are generally divided into what? | any number and variety of operational units- an organized division of command that is responsible for performing a specialized function or task. |
| What are the 2 most common operational units? | patrol (most important) and investigations. (Traffic can be included in patrol) |
| What is the patrol division referred to? | The “backbone” of the organization, it performs the primary enforcement and service functions expected of the police. |
| How much does the patrol division consume? | approximately ⅔ of an agency’s sworn personnel and receives the largest budget allocation. |
| It (Patrol) is the most visible component of the agency (and the CJ system) | TRUE |
| Patrol is the primary point of contact between the public and the police | TRUE |
| The traditional responsibilities of the patrol division were first articulated by O.W Wilson | TRUE |
| who suggested that officers patrol their beats, remain alert for conditions that jeopardize safety, and be prepared to take action as necessary. | O.W Wilson |
| Logic behind traditional preventive patrol is that high visibility deters crime and that rapid response enhances public satisfaction and support for police. | TRUE |
| When was logic put to the test? | In the Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment |
| What were the 3 groups that the 15 districts were divided into? | Proactive: more police officers. Crime down, fear down, support up. Reactive: no officers, don't go in unless called, and immediately leave afterward. Crime goes up, fear up, support down Control: no change, everything stays the same. NO BIG CHANGE |
| What are the methods of police deployment? | Foot patrol, Vehicular patrol, Mounted patrol, Bicycle patrol Air patrol, and Water patrol |
| What do people call the patrol division? | The "gatekeepers" of the CJ system. |
| What are the expectations of police? | Deterring crime, Enforcement, Quick response to emergencies Investigate sus ppl, behaviors and situations, Identify and apprehend offenders. |
| What are the expectations of police? | Assisting individuals who cannot help themselves, Maintain public order, Facilitate movement of traffic, Create a feeling of safety in the community. |
| Enduring question pervading patrol operation is how to best deploy officers to meet community expectations & perform the functions previously described. | TRUE |
| Officers are assigned to “beats” or “districts” that are created for 2 purposes | Equal Protection and Accountability |
| There are any number of methods for determining beat boundaries | Naturally occurring geographic landmarks, Number of offenses Calls for service received, Committed versus uncommitted time. |
| Committed Time; Try and equalize committed time across all services. So, everyone is doing the same amount of work. | TRUE |
| C.I may be classified into 4 general categories/types | Case processing Detection Fact gathering Undercover work |
| Realities of detective work include | Numerous cases- think of a funnel Lots of paperwork Limitations on time Interrogations Case processing/admin duties Testifying Dead-end leads |
| Research into investigative effectiveness reveals | Little expertise required, Most crimes are solved when subject is arrested, Probability of clearance diminishes with time |
| Research into investigative effectiveness reveals | The time devoted to specific cases is minimal Many crimes, except for the most serious, go unsolved Available sources of info often ignored or inadequately used |
| Case processing Detection Factor Undercover work | Organize paperwork Figure it out, find evidence, and identify a subject gathering: make sure everything is in place. not common because of time. There are psychological aspects to this. |
| The role of criminal investigations is to support patrol by conducting follow-ups | TRUE |
| Hubertus Strughold- father of space medicine. | TRUE |
| Detectives- defectives Supervisors- Stupidvisors | TRUE |
| Efforts to improve investigative effectiveness include | Enhanced patrol crime scene training and equipments Increasing patrol responsibility for case outcomes More rigorous case screening criteria Enlisting public assistance Increased funding and staffing |
| Most cases go unsolved. Once the trap is undone it can't be reset. | TRUE TRUE |
| Who's the author of "What works in policing?" | Gary Cordner. |
| The traffic division serves several functions | Control the flow of motorized traffic Enforce traffic laws Investigate accidents Assist motorists Educate the public Provide recommendations to traffic engineers |
| The traffic enforcement function helps to | Save lives Enhance public understanding of the laws Frees up the patrol division to perform other tasks |
| Traffic enforcement function helps to | Arrests of wanted persons, recovery of stolen vehicles, drug and firearms interdiction Focus on specific traffic offenses (DUI / DWI) Seat belt enforcement |
| Despite its lengthy history, American law enforcement continues to struggle with several intractable issues | Methods of selecting qualified personnel Controlling use of discretion Ensuring fair and equitable treatment of all citizens |
| Despite its lengthy history, American law enforcement continues to struggle with several intractable issues | Controlling use of force Preventing corruption Understanding and working within the law regarding search, seizure, and interrogation |
| KNAPP Commission | The Commission to Investigate Alleged Police Corruption formed in 1970 by John V. Lindsay to investigate corruption in NYC. |
| Who is August Vollmer? | "Father of Modern police professionalism", Introduced 20th century police reforms, first police chief of Berkley, California. |
| Most PDs have 50 or fewer officers | TRUE |
| George Kelling | "Father of broken-windows theory" , developed with James Wilson (1982), Professor at school of CJ, Senior fellow at Manhattan Policy Research. |
| What is the "broken-windows" theory? | visible signs of crime, anti-social behavior and civil disorder create a dangerous environment. Targeted minor crimes. Led to mass African American Incarceration in the 1980s. Controversial. |
| Work-group | Services are treated equally, everyone works together, tries to accommodate everyone. |
| equalize __ across all beats | committed time |
| Henry Fielding | Bow Street Runners; London's first professional police force (1749); Inquiry into the causes of the late increase of robbers. |
| Patrick Colquhoun | Founder of the first regular preventive police force in England. A Treatise on the Police of the Metropolis (1796). |
| Sir Robert Peel | "Father of modern British policing", Founded Metropolitan (Community) Police Service, Founder of the Modern Conservative Party, |
| Evaluating use of force by police (1989 case) | Graham vs Connor |
| What case overturned the Flee felon doctrine? | Tennessee V. Garner |
| Charles Rowan ( Com. 1782-1852) and Richard Mayne (Com. 1796-1868) | First Joint Commissioners of the Metropolitan Police, head of the London Metropolitan Police. Mayne (lawyer) did the legal/policies while Rowan trained the police officers (military) |
| Exclusionary Rule | Prevents evidence collected or analyzed in violation of the defendant's constitutional rights from being used in a court of law. |
| What factor impacts police the most? | The media. |
| What Act created LEAA (Law Enforcement Assistance Administration)? | The Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 (Lyndon B. Johnson) |
| What are the 3 types of law? | Subsistence, procedural, and case law. |
| What was the management philosophy of the "Professionalism Era" based off of? | August Vollmer |
| Boston Police Strike (1919) | Heightened interest in police reform. Citizens got mad, court passes law that prohibits certain jobs from going on strike. |
| Blue Flu | People call in sick |
| Substantive Law | Law which governs the original rights and obligations of individuals. |
| Procedural Law | law that prescribes the procedures and methods for enforcing rights and duties and for obtaining redress. |
| Case Law | law that is developed through decisions of the court, rather than by relying solely on statutes or regulations. |
| Where did O.W Wilson do policing? | Wichita PD, Chicago PD, Fullerton PD, and Berkeley PD. |
| Where was the first police department created? | Boston, 1838 |
| Curtis Flowers | Spent 22 years in prison for a crime he didn't commit, the judge abused power stacking odds against him not allowing African Americans on the jury. |
| Censured | Written Warning; Express severe disapproval of (someone or something), especially in a formal statement |
| O.W Wilson 3 pds | Patrol, Investigations and Traffic. |
| Gideon v. Wright | Gideon was charged and sentenced, but counsel was denied for him, as it only applied to fed cases at the time. |
| What happened when Charles Rowan and Richard Mayne were commissioner? | Within 3 years they had a turnover of 11k officers, 5k dismissals, 6k estimates or declarations |
| What were August Vollmer's contributions? | Education, Lie detectors, UCR, centralized command, scientific method, lie detectors, crime labs. |
| Shire Reeve | Sheriff |
| Community Policing | Integrate officers into the local community to gain relations and reduce crime. |
| LEAA, law that created | Grants to improve law enforcement |
| Who is Serpico? | NYC police officer who is assigned to a detective squad who's accepting bribes, squad thinks he's a snitch for not accepting money, Serpico gets shot and left for dead, lives and brings down corruption. |
Created by:
Frances2004
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