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Chapter 5 Terms
Medical Terminology Chapter 5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| angi/o* | blood or lymph vessel |
| aort/o* | aorta |
| arteri/o* | artery |
| ather/o* | plaque, fatty substance |
| brady-* | slow |
| cardi/o* | heart |
| -crasia* | a mixture or blending |
| -emia* | blood, blood condition |
| erythr/o* | red |
| hem/o, hemat/o* | blood, relating to the blood |
| leuk/o* | white |
| phleb/o* | vein |
| tachy-* | fast, rapid |
| thromb/o* | clot |
| ven/o* | vein |
| ACE inhibitor* | blocks the action of the enzyme that causes the blood vessels to contract, resulting in hypertension. |
| anemia* | a lower-than-normal number of erythrocytes in the blood. (an=without or less than, -emia=blood condition) |
| aneurysm* | a localized weak spot or balloon-like enlargement of the wall of an artery. |
| angina* | a condition in which severe episodes of chest pain occur due to an inadequate blood flow to the myocardium. |
| angioplasty* | the technique of mechanically widening a narrowed or obstructed blood vessel. (angi/o=blood vessel, -plasty=surgical repair) |
| anticoagulant* | slows coagulation and prevents new clots from forming. |
| aplastic anemia* | characterized by an absence of all formed blood elements caused by the failure of blood cell production in the bone marrow. (a=without, plast=growth, -ic=pertaining to) |
| arrhythmia* | the loss of the normal rhythm of the heartbeat. |
| atherectomy* | the surgical removal of plaque buildup from the interior of an artery. (ather=plaque, -ectomy=surgical removal) |
| atherosclerosis* | hardening and narrowing of the arteries caused by a buildup of cholesterol plaque on the interior walls of the arteries. (ather/o=plaque or fatty substance, -sclerosis=abnormal hardening) |
| atrial fibrillation* | the most common type of tachycardia, occurs when the normal rhythmic contractions of the atria are replaced by rapid, uncontrolled twitching of the muscular heart wall. Also known as A-fib. |
| automated external defibrillator* | designed for use by nonprofessionals in emergency situations, externally shocks the heart to restore a normal cardiac rhythm. |
| beta-blocker* | reduces the workload of the heart by slowing the rate of the heartbeat. |
| bradycardia* | an abnormally slow resting heart rate. (brady=slow, card=heart, -ia=abnormal condition) |
| cardiac arrest* | an event in which the heart abruptly stops beating or develops an arrhythmia that prevents it from pumping blood effectively. |
| cardiac catheterization* | a diagnostic and treatment procedure in which a catheter is passed into a vein or artery and then guided into the heart. |
| cardiomyopathy* | the term used to describe all diseases of the heart muscle. (cardi/o=heart, my/o=muscles, -pathy=disease) |
| carotid endarterectomy* | the surgical removal of the lining of a portion of a clogged carotid artery leading to the brain. |
| cholesterol* | a fatty substance that travels through the blood and is found in all parts of the body. |
| chronic venous insufficiency* | a condition in which venous circulation is inadequate due to partial vein blockage or to the leakage of venous valves. |
| coronary artery disease* | atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries that reduces the blood supply to the heart muscle. Creates an insufficient supply of oxygen that can cause angina, myocardial infarction, or death. |
| coronary thrombosis* | damage to the heart muscle caused by a thrombus blocking a coronary artery. (coron=crown, -ary=pertaining to, thromb=clot, -osis=abnormal condition) |
| defibrillation* | the emergency use of electrical shock to restore the heart's normal rhythm. |
| diuretic* | administered to stimulate the kidneys to increase the secretion of urine to rid the body of excess sodium and water. |
| elecrocardiogram* | a record of the electrical activity of the myocardium. (eletr/o=electric, cardi/o=heart, -gram=picture or record) |
| embolism* | the sudden blockage of a blood vessel by an embolus. (embol=something inserted, -ism=condition) |
| embolus* | a foreign object, such as a blood clot, a quantity of air or gas, or a bit of tissue or tumor that is circulating in the blood. (embol=something inserted, -us=singular noun ending) |
| endocarditis* | an inflammation of the inner lining of the heart. (endo=within, card=heart, =itis=inflammation) |
| erythrocytes* | mature red blood cells produced by the red bone marrow. (erythr/o=red, -cytes=cells) |
| hemoglobin* | the oxygen-carrying blood protein pigment of the erythrocytes. (hem/o=blood, -globing=protein) |
| hemolytic anemia* | characterized by an inadequate number of circulating red blood cells due to the premature destruction of red blood cells by the spleen. (hem/o=relating to the blood, -lytic=destroy) |
| hemorrhage* | the loss of a large amount of blood in a short time. (hem/o=blood, -rrhage=bleeding) |
| hemostasis* | to stop or control bleeding. (hem/o=blood, -stasis=stopping or controlling) |
| leukemia* | a type of cancer chracterized by a progressive increase in the number of abnormal leukocytes found in blood-forming tissues, other organs, and in the circulating blood. (leuk=white, -emia=blood condition) |
| leukocytes* | the blood cells involved in defending the body against infective organisms and foreign substances. Also known as white blood cells. (leuk/o=white, -cytes=cells) |
| leukopenia* | a decrease in the number of disease-fighting white blood cells circulating in the blood. (leuk/o=white, -penia=deficiency) |
| megaloblastic anemia* | a blood disorder characterized by anemia in which the red blood cells are larger than normal. (megalo=large, blast=immature, -ic=pertaining to) |
| mitral valve prolapse* | the abnormal protrusion of a heart valve that results in the inability of the valve to close completely. |
| myelodysplastic syndrome* | a type of cancer in which there is insufficient production of one or more types of blood. |
| myocardial infarction* | the blockage of one or more coronary arteries caused by plaque buildup. |
| orthostatic hypotension* | low blood pressure that occurs upon standing up and remains lower than normal as long as the patient remains standing. |
| pericardium* | the double-walled membranous sac that encloses the heart. Also known as the pericardial sac. (peri=surrounding, cardi=heart, -um=singular noun ending) |
| pernicious anemia* | caused by a lack of the protein intrinsic factor that helps the body absorb vitamin B12 from the gastrointestinal tract. |
| phlebitis* | the inflammation of a vein. (phleb=vein, -itis=inflammation) |
| raynaud's disease* | a peripheral arterial occlusive disease in which intermittent attacks are triggered by cold temperatures or stress. |
| sepsis* | a potentially life-threatening infection that results from bacteria or other infectious organisms entering the bloodstream. |
| sickle cell anemia* | a serious genetic disorder that causes abnormal hemoglobin, resulting in some red blood cells assuming an abnormal sickle shape. |
| tachycardia* | an abnormally rapid resting heart rate. (tachy=rapid, card=heart, -ia=abnormal condition) |
| temporal arteritis* | caused by inflammation of the temporal arteries supplying blood to the head and brain. Sometimes called giant cell arteritis. |
| thallium stress test* | a nuclear imaging test performed to evaluate how well blood flows through the coronary arteries of the heart muscle during exercise by injecting a small amount of thallium into the bloodstream. |
| thrombocytopenia* | a condition in which there is an abnormally small number of platelets (thrombocytes) circulating in the blood. (thromb/o=clot, cyt/o=cell, -penia=deficiency) |
| thrombolytic* | dissolves or causes a thrombus to break up. (thromb/o=clot, -lytic=destroy) |
| thrombosis* | the abnormal condition of having a thrombus. (thromb=clot, -osis=abnormal condition) |
| thrombotic occlusion* | the blocking of an artery by a thrombus. |
| thrombus* | a blood clot attached to the interior wall of an artery or vein. (thromb=clot, -us=singular noun ending) |
| transfusion reaction* | a serious and potentially fatal complication of a blood transfusion in which a sever immune response occurs because the patient's blood and the donated blood to not match. |
| varicose veins* | abnormally swollen veins that usually occur in the superficial veins of the legs. occurs when the valves in these veins do not function properly, so blood pools in the veins causing them to enlarge. |
| venous thromboembolism* | a blood clot that originates in a vein. |
| ventricular fibrillation* | consists of rapid, irregular, and useless contractions of the ventricles. Also known as V-fib. |
| ventricular tachycardia* | a very rapid heartbeat that begins within the ventricles. Also known as V-tach. |
| cardiovascular | pertaining to the heart and blood vessels. (cardi/o=heart, vascul=blood vessels, -ar=pertaining to) |
| heart | a hollow, muscular organ about the size of a fist located in the thoracic cavity, between the lungs. |
| epicardium | the external layer of the heart and the inner layer of the pericardium (epi= upon, cardi=heart, -um=singular noun ending) |
| myocardium | the middle and thickest of the heart's three layers. (my/o=muscle, cardi=heart, -um=singular noun ending) |
| endocardium | the inner lining of the heart which consists of epithelial tissue. (endo=with, cardi=heart, -um=singular noun ending) |
| coronary arteries | supply oxygen-rich blood to the myocardium. |
| atria | the two upper chambers of the heart, divided by the interatrial septum. |
| ventricles | the two lower chambers of the heart, divided by the interventricular septum. |
| tricuspid valve | controls the opening between the right atrium and the right ventricle. |
| pulmonary valve | located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery. |
| mitral valve | located between the left atrium and left ventricle. Also known as teh bicuspid valve. |
| aortic valve | located between the left ventricle and the aorta. |
| pulmonary circulation | the flow of blood only between the heart and lungs. |
| pulmonary arteries | carry deoxygenated blood out of the right ventricle and into the lungs. The only place in the body where deoxygenated blood is carried by arteries instead of veins. |
| pulmonary veins | carry the oxygenated blood from the lungs into the left atrium of the heart. |
| systemic circulation | includes the flow of blood to all parts of the body EXCEPT the lungs. |
| heartbeat | the ability to pump blood effectively throughout the body. This must occur in exactly the correct sequence. |
| sinoatrial | located in the posterior wall of the right atrium near the entrance of the superior vena cava. |
| atrioventricular node | located on the floor of the right atrium near the interatrial septum. Transmits the electrical impulses onward to the bundle of His. |
| bundle of His (HISS) | a group of fibers located within the interventricular septum. Carries an electrical impulse to ensure the sequence of the heart contractions. |
| pukinje fibers | specialized conductive fibers located within the walls of the ventricles. Relay the electrical impulses to the cells of the ventricles which causes them to contract. |
| arteries | large blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart to all regions of the body. |
| aorta | the largest blood vessel in the body. |
| carotid arteries | the major arteries that carry blood upward to the head. |
| arterioles | the smaller, thinner branches of arteries that deliver blood to the capillaries. |
| capillaries | the smallest blood vessels in the body. Form networks of expanded vascular beds, and deliver oxygen and nutrients to the cells of the tissues. |
| veins | form a low-pressure collecting system to return oxygen-poor blood to the heart. |
| venules | the smallest veins that join to form larger veins. (ven=vein, -ules=small ones) |
| venae cavae | the two larges veins in the body, which return blood into the heart. (singular, vena cava) |
| pulse | the rhythmic pressure against the walls of an artery caused by the contraction of the heart. |
| blood pressure | the measurement of the amount of systolic and diastolic pressure exerted against the walls of the arteries. |
| systolic pressure | occurs when the ventricles contract. Is the highest pressure against the walls of an artery. |
| distolic pressure | occurs when the ventricles are relaxed. Is the lowest pressure against the walls of an artery. |
| plasma | a straw-colored fluid that contains nutrients, hormones, and waste products. 92% water, 8% proteins, including the clotting proteins. |
| serum | plasma fluid after the blood cells and the clotting proteins have been removed. |
| fibrinogen and prothrombin | the clotting proteins found in plasma. Have an important role in clot formation to control bleeding. |
| neutrophils | formed in red bone marrow, the most common type of white blood cells. |
| basophils | formed in red bone marrow, the least common type of white blood cells. |
| eosinophils | formed in red bone marrow and then migrate to tissues throughout the body. |
| lymphocytes | formed in red bone marrow, lymph nodes, and the spleen. Identify foreign substances and germs in the body and produce antibodies that specifically target them. |
| monocytes | formed in red bone marrow, lymph nodes, and the spleen. Provide immunological defenses against many infectious organisms. |
| thrombocytes | the smallest formed elements of the blood. Also known as platelets. (thromb/o=clot, -cytes=cells) |
| blood types | classified according to the presence or absence of certain antigens. |
| Rh factor | defines the presence or absence of the Rh antigen on red blood cells. First found in rhesus monkeys. |
| blood gases | gases that are normally dissoved in the liquid portion of blood. |
| cardiologist | a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating abnormalities, diseases, and disorders of the heart. (cardi=heart, -ologist=specialist) |
| hematologist | a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating abnormalities, diseases, and disorders of teh blood an blood-forming tissues. (hemat=blood, -ologist=specialist) |
| vascular surgeon | a physician who specializes in the diagnosis, medical management, and surgical treatment of disorders of blood vessels. |
| telemetry nurse | specializes in the use of technology within a hospital unit to track vital signs such as blood pressure, heart rhythms, and oxygen levels. |
| congenital heart defects | structural abnormalities caused by the failure of the heart to develop normally before birth and are the most common type of birth defect. |
| plaque | found within the lumen of an artery, is a fatty deposit similar to the buildup of rust inside a pipe. |
| ischemia | a condition in which there is an insufficient supply of oxygen in the tissues due to restricted blood flow to a part of the body. (isch=hold back, -emia=blood) |
| heart failure | occurs most commonly in the elderly, often after the heart has been weakened or damaged by other health issues. |
| carditis | an inflammation of the heart. (card=heart, -itis=inflammation) |
| infective endocarditis | an inflammation of the lining or valves of the heart caused by the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. |
| pericarditis | an inflammation of the pericardium. (peri=surrounding, card=heart, -itis=inflammation) |
| myocarditis | an inflammation of the myocardium (heart muscle) that develops as a rarely seen complication of a viral infection. (my/o=muscle, card=heart, -itis=inflammation) |
| heart murmur | an abnormal blowing or clicking sound heard when listening to the heart or a neighboring large blood vessels. |
| valvular stenosis | a condition in which there is narrowing, stiffening, thickening, or blockage of one or more valves of the heart. |
| heart valve disease | a degenerative disorder that prevents heart valves from opening and closing properly, leading to fatigue, shortness or breath, and lightheadedness. |
| aortic stenosis | a buildup of calcium and fat deposits in the aortic valve, causing narrowing that prevents the valve from opening fully. |
| mitral valve regurgitation | occurs when the mitral valve does not close tightly, allowing blood to leak back through the opening. |
| asystole | the complete lack of electrical activity in the heart. Also known as a flat line. (a=without, -systole=contraction) |
| heart block | a congenital or acquired arrhythmia caused by the electrical signal moving through the heart being partially or completely blocked from reaching the ventricles. |
| supraventricular tachycardia | an episode that begins and ends abruptly during which there are very rapid and regular heartbeats and originate at or above the atrioventricular node. |
| long QT syndrome | an inherited or medically acquired heart rhythm disorder that can cause fast, chaotic, and potentially dangerous arrhythmias. |
| fibrillation | a potentially life-threatening fast and irregular heartbeat. |
| palpitation | a pounding or racing heartbeat with or without irregularity in rhythm. |
| vasculitis | the inflammation of a blood vessel. (vascul=blood vessels, -itis=inflammation) |
| hemangioma | a benign tumor made up of newly formed blood vessels. (hem=blood, angi=blood or lymph vessel, -oma=tumor) |
| hypoperfusion | a deficiency of blood passing through an organ or body part. |
| arteriosclerosis | any of a group of diseases characterized by thickening and the loss of elasticity of arterial walls. (arteri/o=arter, -sclerosis=abnormal hardening) |
| carotid artery stenosis | the abnormal narrowing of the carotid artery supplying blood to the brain, increasing the chance of blood clots that could cause and ischemic stroke. |
| peripheral vascular diseases | disorders of blood vessels that are located outside of the heart and brain. |
| peripheral artery disease | an example of a peripheral vascular disease that is caused by atherosclerosis. |
| gangrene | tissue death caused by a severe shortage of blood supply due to illness, injury and/or infection. |
| blood dyscrasia | any pathologic condition of the cellular elements of the blood. (dys=bad, -crasia=mixture or blending) |
| hemochromatosis | a genetic disorder which the intestines absorb too much iron. (hem/o=blood, chromat=color, -osis=abnormal condition) |
| polycythemia | a cancer of characterized by an abnormal increase in the number of red cells in the bone marrow. |
| thrombocytosis | an abnormal increase in the number of platelets in the circulating blood. (thromb/o=clot, cyt=cell, -osis=abnormal condition) |
| hyperlipidemia | the general term used to describe elevated levels of cholesterol and other fatty substances in the blood. (hyper=excessive, lipid=fat, -emia=blood condition) |
| iron-deficiency anemia | the most common form of anemia. Can be caused by blood loss, poor absorption of iron, or inadequate dietary intake of iron. |
| thalassemia | an inherited blood disorder that causes mild or severe anemia due to reduced hemoglobin and fewer red blood cells than normal. |
| hypertension | the elevation of arterial blood pressure to a level that is likely to cause damage to the cardiovascular system. |
| hypotension | lower-than-normal arterial blood pressure. |
| angiography | an x-ray of the blood vessels after the injection of a contrast medium. (angi/o=blood vessel. -graphy=process of recording) |
| duplex ultrasound | a diagnostic procedure to image the structures of the blood vessels and the flow of blood through these vessels. |
| venography | a radiographic test that provides an image of specific veins after a contrast dye is injected. (ven/o vein, -graphy=process of recording) |
| electrocardiography | the noninvasive process of recording the electrical activity of the myocardium. (elecr/o=electric, cardi/o=heart, -graphy=process of recording a picture or record. |
| holter monitor | a portable electrocardiograph that is worn by an ambulatory patient to continuously monitor the heart rates and rhythms over a 24 or 48 hour period. |
| stress test | performed to assess cardiovascular health and function during and after stress. |
| antihypertensive | a medication administered to lower blood pressure. |
| calcium channel blockers | cause the heart and vessels to relax by decreasing the movement of calcium into the cells of these structures. |
| antiarrhythmic | a medication administered to control irregularities of the heartbeat. |
| coumadin | an anticoagulant administered to prevent blood clots from forming or growing larger. |
| heparin | another common anticoagulant administered by injection or in an IV solution. |
| aspirin | may be recommended to reduce the risk of a heart attack or stroke by reducing the ability of the blood to clot. |
| cholesterol-lowering drugs | used to combat hyperlipidemia by reducing the undesirable cholesterol levels in the blood. |
| diigitalis | strengthens the contraction of the heart muscle, slows heart rate, and helps eliminate fluid from body tissues. |
| tissue plasminogen activator | a thrombolytic that administered to some patients having a heart attack or stroke. |
| vasoconstrictor | causes blood vessels to narrow. |
| vasodilator | causes blood vessels to expand. |
| nitroglycerin | a vasodilator that is prescribed to prevent or relieve the pain of angina by dilating the blood vessels to the heart. |
| balloon angioplasty | a procedure in which a small balloon on the end of a catheter is used to open a partially blocked coronary artery by flattening the plaque deposit and stretching the lumen. |
| laser angioplasty | involves a laser on the end of a catheter, which uses beams of light to remove the plaque deposit. |
| stent | a wire mesh tube that is commonly placed after the artery has been opened. |
| restenosis | condition when an artery that has been opened by angioplasty gradually closes again. (re=again, -stenosis=narrowing) |
| carotid endarterectomy | the surgical removal of the lining of a portion of a clogged carotid artery leading to the brain. |
| coronary artery bypass graft | the most common type of open heart surgery, when a piece of vein from the leg or chest is implanted on the heart to replace a blocked coronary artery and to improve the flow of blood to the heart. |
| minimally invasive coronary artery bypass | performed with the aid of a fiber-optic camera through small opening between the ribs. |
| implantable cardioverter-defibrillator | an internal double-action pacemaker, regulates the heartbeat to ensure that the heart does not beat too slowly. |
| pacemaker | used to treat arrhythmia, can be attached externally or implanted temporarily or permanently under the skin. |
| cardiac ablation | a procedure that uses radio-requency energy (heat) or cryoablation (extreme cold) to scar or destroy the heart tissue triggering an abnormal heart rhythm. |
| valvuloplasty | the surgical repair of a heart valve that has a narrowed opening. (valvul/o=valve, -plasty=surgical repair) |
| heart valve replacement | surgery to replace one or the heart's four valves, usually the aortic or mitral valve. |
| transcatheter aortic valve replacement | a minimally invasive procedure in which the existing valve is left in place. |
| cardiopulmonary resuscitation | an emergency procedure for life support consisting of artificial respiration and manual external chest compression. |
| aneurysm clipping | a surgical method used to isolate an aneurysm in the brain from the rest of the circulatory system by placing a small clip across its neck. |
| plasmapherisis | the removal of whole blood from the body and separation of the blood's cellular elements. |
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