Question 1

bi*

Accepted Answer

twice, double, two

Question 2

clon/o*

Accepted Answer

violent action

Question 3

dys-*

Accepted Answer

bad, difficult, or painful

Question 4

fasci/o*

Accepted Answer

fascia, fibrous band

Question 5

fibr/o*

Accepted Answer

fibrous tissue, fiber

Question 6

-ia*

Accepted Answer

abnormal condition, disease, plural of -ium

Question 7

-ic*

Accepted Answer

pertaining to

Question 8

kines/o, kinsei/o*

Accepted Answer

movement

Question 9

-lysis*

Accepted Answer

to set free, break down

Question 10

my/o*

Accepted Answer

muscle

Question 11

-plegia*

Accepted Answer

paralysis, stroke

Question 12

tax/o*

Accepted Answer

coordination, order

Question 13

ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o*

Accepted Answer

tendon, stretch out, extend, strain

Question 14

ton/o*

Accepted Answer

tone, stretching, tension

Question 15

tri-*

Accepted Answer

three

Question 16

abduction*

Accepted Answer

the movement of a limb (arm or leg) away from the midline of the body.
(ab=away from, duct=to lead, -ion=action)

Question 17

adduction*

Accepted Answer

the movement of a limb (arm or leg) toward the midline of the body.
(ad=toward, duct=to lead, -ion=action)

Question 18

adhesion*

Accepted Answer

a band of fibrous tissue that hold structures together abnormally. Can form in muscles or in internal organs as the result of an injury or surgery.

Question 19

ataxia*

Accepted Answer

the lack of muscle coordination during voluntary movement.
(a=without, tax=coordination, -ia=condition)

Question 20

atonic*

Accepted Answer

lacking normal muscle tone or strength.
(a=without, ton=tone, -ic=pertaining to)

Question 21

atrophy*

Accepted Answer

weakness or wearing away of body tissues and structures. Can be caused by pathology or by disuse of the muscle over a long period of time.

Question 22

bradykinesia*

Accepted Answer

extreme slowness in movement.
(brady=slow, kines=movement, -ia=condition)

Question 23

carpal tunnel syndrome*

Accepted Answer

symptoms occur when the tendons that pass through the carpal tunnel into the hand are chronically overused and become inflamed and swollen.

Question 24

chronic fatigue syndrome*

Accepted Answer

a disorder of unknown cause that affect many body systems characterized by profound fatigue that is not improved by bed rest and may be made worse by physical or mental activity.

Question 25

circumduction*

Accepted Answer

the circular movement at the far end of a limb. Ex: the swinging motion of the far end of the arm.

Question 26

compartment syndrome*

Accepted Answer

involves the compression of nerves and blood vessels due to swelling within the compartment, an enclosed space created by the fascia that separates groups of muscles in the arm or leg.

Question 27

contracture*

Accepted Answer

the permanent tightening of fascia, muscles, tendons, ligaments, or skin that occurs when normally elastic connective tissues are replaced with nonelastic fibrous tissues.

Question 28

dorsiflexion*

Accepted Answer

the movement that bends the foot upward at the ankle.

Question 29

dyskinesia*

Accepted Answer

the distortion or impairment of voluntary movement resulting in fragmented or jerky motions.
(dys=bad, kins=movement, -ia=condition)

Question 30

dystonia*

Accepted Answer

a movement disorder characterized by the involuntary and sometime repetitive contraction of certain muscles.
(dys=bad, ton=tone, -ia=condition)

Question 31

electromyography*

Accepted Answer

a diagnostic test that measures the electrical activity within the muscle fibers in response to nerve stimulation.
(electr/o=electricity,  my/o=muscle, -graphy=process of producing a picture or record)

Question 32

epicondylitis*

Accepted Answer

inflammation of the tissues surrounding the elbow.
(epi=on, condyl=condyl, -itis=inflammation

Question 33

ergonomics*

Accepted Answer

the study of the human factors that affect the design and operation of tools, and the work environment.

Question 34

exercise physiologist*

Accepted Answer

a specialist who works under the supervision of a physician to develop, implement, and coordinate exercise programs and administer medical tests to promote physical fitness.

Question 35

fasciitis*

Accepted Answer

inflammation of a fascia.
(fasci=fascia, -itis=inflammation)

Question 36

fibromyalgia*

Accepted Answer

a debilitating chronic condition characterized by fatigue; diffuse or specific muscle, joint, or bone pain; and a wide range of other symptoms.
(fibr/o=fibrous, my=muscle, -algia=pain)

Question 37

ganglion cyst*

Accepted Answer

a benign, fluid-filled lump that usually occurs on the outer surface of the wrist or hand, sometimes as a result of a past injury.

Question 38

heel spur*

Accepted Answer

a calcium deposit in the plantar fascia near its attachment to the calcaneus (heel) bone, causing pain that is often mistaken for plantar fasciitis.

Question 39

hemiparesis*

Accepted Answer

a weakness or slight paralysis affecting one side of the body.
(hemi=half, -paresis=partial or incomplete paralysis)

Question 40

hemiplegia*

Accepted Answer

total paralysis affecting only one side of the body.
(hemi=half, -plegia=paralysis)

Question 41

hernia*

Accepted Answer

occurs when tissue, such as part of an internal organ, protrudes through a weak area in the muscle normally containing it.

Question 42

hyperkinesia*

Accepted Answer

abnormally increased muscle function or activity.
(hyper=excessive, kins=movement, -ia=condition)

Question 43

hypotonia*

Accepted Answer

a condition in which there is diminished tone of the skeletal muscles.
(hypo=deficient, ton=tone, -ia=condition)

Question 44

impingement syndrome*

Accepted Answer

occurs when inflamed and swollen tendons are caught in the narrow space between the bones within the shoulder joint. Also known as rotator cuff tendinitis.

Question 45

innervation*

Accepted Answer

the stimulation of a muscle by an impulse transmitted by a motor nerve.

Question 46

insertion*

Accepted Answer

where the muscle ends by attaching to a bone or tendon. Located at the farthest point from the midline of the body and is the more moveable attachment.

Question 47

intermittent claudication*

Accepted Answer

pain the the leg muscles that occurs during exercise and relieved by rest. Due to poor circulation and associated with peripheral vascular disease.

Question 48

muscular dystrophy*

Accepted Answer

a group of more than 30 genetic diseases that are characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles that control movement, without affecting the nervous system. There is no specific treatment.

Question 49

myasthenia gravis*

Accepted Answer

a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the neuromuscular junction and produces weakness and rapid fatigue of voluntary muscles, especially in the eye, face, and throat.

Question 50

myoclonus*

Accepted Answer

the quick, involuntary jerking of a muscle or group of muscles.
(my/o=muscle, clon=violent action, -us=singular noun ending)

Question 51

myofascial release*

Accepted Answer

a specialized soft-tissue manipulation technique used to ease the pain of conditions such as fibromyalgia, myofascial pain syndrome, movement restrictions, etc.

Question 52

myoparesis*

Accepted Answer

a weakness or slight muscular paralysis.
(my/o=muscle, -paresis=partial or incomplete paralysis)

Question 53

myorrhaphy*

Accepted Answer

the surgical suturing of a muscle.
(my/o=muscle, -rrhaphy=surgical suturing)

Question 54

neuromuscular*

Accepted Answer

pertaining to the relationship between a nerve and muscle.
(neuro/o=nerve, muscul=muscle, -ar=pertaining to)

Question 55

oblique*

Accepted Answer

means slanted or at an angle.

Question 56

origin*

Accepted Answer

where the muscle begins. Located nearest the midline of the body or on a less moveable part of the skeleton.

Question 57

paralysis*

Accepted Answer

the loss of sensation and voluntary muscle movements in a muscle through disease or injury to its nerve supply.
(plural, paralyses)

Question 58

paraplegia*

Accepted Answer

the paralysis of both legs and the lower part of the body.

Question 59

physiatrist*

Accepted Answer

a physician who specializes in physical medicine and rehabilitation with the focus on restoring function.

Question 60

plantar faciitis*

Accepted Answer

an inflammation of the plantar fascia on the sole of the foot. Causes foot or heel pain when walking or running.

Question 61

polymyositis*

Accepted Answer

a muscle disease characterized by the simultaneous inflammation and weakening of voluntary muscles in many parts of the body.
(poly=many, myos=muscle, -itis=inflammation)

Question 62

pronation*

Accepted Answer

the act of rotating the arm or leg so that the palm of the hand or sole of the foot is turned downward or backward.

Question 63

quadriplegia*

Accepted Answer

paralysis of all four extremities.
(quadr/i=four, -plegia=paralysis)

Question 64

sarcopenia*

Accepted Answer

the loss of muscle mass, strength, and function that come with aging.
(sarc/o=flesh, -penia=deficiency)

Question	Answer
bi*	twice, double, two
clon/o*	violent action
dys-*	bad, difficult, or painful
fasci/o*	fascia, fibrous band
fibr/o*	fibrous tissue, fiber
-ia*	abnormal condition, disease, plural of -ium
-ic*	pertaining to
kines/o, kinsei/o*	movement
-lysis*	to set free, break down
my/o*	muscle
-plegia*	paralysis, stroke
tax/o*	coordination, order
ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o*	tendon, stretch out, extend, strain
ton/o*	tone, stretching, tension
tri-*	three
abduction*	the movement of a limb (arm or leg) away from the midline of the body. (ab=away from, duct=to lead, -ion=action)
adduction*	the movement of a limb (arm or leg) toward the midline of the body. (ad=toward, duct=to lead, -ion=action)
adhesion*	a band of fibrous tissue that hold structures together abnormally. Can form in muscles or in internal organs as the result of an injury or surgery.
ataxia*	the lack of muscle coordination during voluntary movement. (a=without, tax=coordination, -ia=condition)
atonic*	lacking normal muscle tone or strength. (a=without, ton=tone, -ic=pertaining to)
atrophy*	weakness or wearing away of body tissues and structures. Can be caused by pathology or by disuse of the muscle over a long period of time.
bradykinesia*	extreme slowness in movement. (brady=slow, kines=movement, -ia=condition)
carpal tunnel syndrome*	symptoms occur when the tendons that pass through the carpal tunnel into the hand are chronically overused and become inflamed and swollen.
chronic fatigue syndrome*	a disorder of unknown cause that affect many body systems characterized by profound fatigue that is not improved by bed rest and may be made worse by physical or mental activity.
circumduction*	the circular movement at the far end of a limb. Ex: the swinging motion of the far end of the arm.
compartment syndrome*	involves the compression of nerves and blood vessels due to swelling within the compartment, an enclosed space created by the fascia that separates groups of muscles in the arm or leg.
contracture*	the permanent tightening of fascia, muscles, tendons, ligaments, or skin that occurs when normally elastic connective tissues are replaced with nonelastic fibrous tissues.
dorsiflexion*	the movement that bends the foot upward at the ankle.
dyskinesia*	the distortion or impairment of voluntary movement resulting in fragmented or jerky motions. (dys=bad, kins=movement, -ia=condition)
dystonia*	a movement disorder characterized by the involuntary and sometime repetitive contraction of certain muscles. (dys=bad, ton=tone, -ia=condition)
electromyography*	a diagnostic test that measures the electrical activity within the muscle fibers in response to nerve stimulation. (electr/o=electricity, my/o=muscle, -graphy=process of producing a picture or record)
epicondylitis*	inflammation of the tissues surrounding the elbow. (epi=on, condyl=condyl, -itis=inflammation
ergonomics*	the study of the human factors that affect the design and operation of tools, and the work environment.
exercise physiologist*	a specialist who works under the supervision of a physician to develop, implement, and coordinate exercise programs and administer medical tests to promote physical fitness.
fasciitis*	inflammation of a fascia. (fasci=fascia, -itis=inflammation)
fibromyalgia*	a debilitating chronic condition characterized by fatigue; diffuse or specific muscle, joint, or bone pain; and a wide range of other symptoms. (fibr/o=fibrous, my=muscle, -algia=pain)
ganglion cyst*	a benign, fluid-filled lump that usually occurs on the outer surface of the wrist or hand, sometimes as a result of a past injury.
heel spur*	a calcium deposit in the plantar fascia near its attachment to the calcaneus (heel) bone, causing pain that is often mistaken for plantar fasciitis.
hemiparesis*	a weakness or slight paralysis affecting one side of the body. (hemi=half, -paresis=partial or incomplete paralysis)
hemiplegia*	total paralysis affecting only one side of the body. (hemi=half, -plegia=paralysis)
hernia*	occurs when tissue, such as part of an internal organ, protrudes through a weak area in the muscle normally containing it.
hyperkinesia*	abnormally increased muscle function or activity. (hyper=excessive, kins=movement, -ia=condition)
hypotonia*	a condition in which there is diminished tone of the skeletal muscles. (hypo=deficient, ton=tone, -ia=condition)
impingement syndrome*	occurs when inflamed and swollen tendons are caught in the narrow space between the bones within the shoulder joint. Also known as rotator cuff tendinitis.
innervation*	the stimulation of a muscle by an impulse transmitted by a motor nerve.
insertion*	where the muscle ends by attaching to a bone or tendon. Located at the farthest point from the midline of the body and is the more moveable attachment.
intermittent claudication*	pain the the leg muscles that occurs during exercise and relieved by rest. Due to poor circulation and associated with peripheral vascular disease.
muscular dystrophy*	a group of more than 30 genetic diseases that are characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles that control movement, without affecting the nervous system. There is no specific treatment.
myasthenia gravis*	a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the neuromuscular junction and produces weakness and rapid fatigue of voluntary muscles, especially in the eye, face, and throat.
myoclonus*	the quick, involuntary jerking of a muscle or group of muscles. (my/o=muscle, clon=violent action, -us=singular noun ending)
myofascial release*	a specialized soft-tissue manipulation technique used to ease the pain of conditions such as fibromyalgia, myofascial pain syndrome, movement restrictions, etc.
myoparesis*	a weakness or slight muscular paralysis. (my/o=muscle, -paresis=partial or incomplete paralysis)
myorrhaphy*	the surgical suturing of a muscle. (my/o=muscle, -rrhaphy=surgical suturing)
neuromuscular*	pertaining to the relationship between a nerve and muscle. (neuro/o=nerve, muscul=muscle, -ar=pertaining to)
oblique*	means slanted or at an angle.
origin*	where the muscle begins. Located nearest the midline of the body or on a less moveable part of the skeleton.
paralysis*	the loss of sensation and voluntary muscle movements in a muscle through disease or injury to its nerve supply. (plural, paralyses)
paraplegia*	the paralysis of both legs and the lower part of the body.
physiatrist*	a physician who specializes in physical medicine and rehabilitation with the focus on restoring function.
plantar faciitis*	an inflammation of the plantar fascia on the sole of the foot. Causes foot or heel pain when walking or running.
polymyositis*	a muscle disease characterized by the simultaneous inflammation and weakening of voluntary muscles in many parts of the body. (poly=many, myos=muscle, -itis=inflammation)
pronation*	the act of rotating the arm or leg so that the palm of the hand or sole of the foot is turned downward or backward.
quadriplegia*	paralysis of all four extremities. (quadr/i=four, -plegia=paralysis)
sarcopenia*	the loss of muscle mass, strength, and function that come with aging. (sarc/o=flesh, -penia=deficiency)
shin splint*	a painful condition caused by the tibialis anterior muscle tearing away from the tibia (shin bone).
singultus*	myoclonus of the diaphragm that causes the characteristic hiccup sound with each spasm. Also known as hiccups.
sphincter*	a ring-like muscle that tightly constricts the opening of a passageway.
sprain*	an injury to a joint which usually occurs when a ligament is wrenched or torn.
tendinopathy*	the general term for irritation or degeneration of a tendon in any joint. (tendin/o=tendon, -pathy=disease)
tenodesis*	the surgical suturing of the end of a tendon to a bone. (ten/o=tendon, -desis=bind or tie together)
tenolysis*	the release of a tendon from adhesions. (ten/o=tendon, -lysis=to set free)
tenosynovitis*	an inflammation of the sheath surrounding a tendon. (ten/o=tendon, synov=synovial membrane, -itis=inflammation)
tenotomy*	the surgical cutting of a tendon to provide release or allow lengthening. (tehn=tendon, -otomy=surgical incision)
torticollis*	is a stiff neck due to spasmodic contraction of the neck muscles that pull the head toward the affected side.
transverse*	means in a crosswise direction.
muscle fibers	long, slender cells that make up muscles.
fascia	a band of connective tissue that envelops, separates, or binds together muscles or groups of muscles. Flexible to allow movement. (plural, fasciae or fascias)
myofascial	pertaining to the muscle tissue and fascia. (my/o=muscle, fasci=fascia, -al=pertaining to)
tendon	a narrow band of nonelastic, dense, fibrous connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone.
skeletal muscles	attached to the bones of the skeleton and make body motions possible.
smooth muscles	located in the walls of internal organs such as the digestive tract, blood vessels, and ducts leading from glands.
contraction	the tightening of a muscle
relaxation	when a muscle returns to its original form.
flexion	decreasing the angle between two bones by bending a limb at a joint. (flex=to bend, -ion=action)
extension	increasing the angle between tow bones or the straightening out of a limb. (ex=away from, tens=stretch out, -ion=action)
hyperextension	the extreme or overextension of a limb or body part beyond its normal limit.
elevation	the act of raising or lifting a body part.
depression	the act of lowering a body part.
rotation	a circular movement around an axis such as the shoulder joint.
supination	the act of rotating the arm or leg so that the palm of the hand or sole of the foot is turned forward or upward.
humerus	the bone of the upper arm that rotates within the shoulder joint.
plantar flexion	the movement that bends the foot downward at the ankle.
mastoid	muscle inserts at one point of insertion into the mastoid process. Part of the temporal bone that is located just behind the ear.
pectoralis major	a thick, fan-shaped muscle situated on the anterior chest wall.
lateralis	means toward the side.
medialis	means toward the midline.
rectus	means in a straight alignment with the vertical axis of the body.
biceps brachli	formed from two divisions. Located in the anterior upper arm, flexes the elbow. (bi=two, ceps=head)
triceps brachii	formed from three divisions. Located in the posterior upper arm, extends the elbow. (tri=three, ceps=head)
gluteus maximus	the largest muscle of the buttock.
deltoid muscle	located on the shoulder, shaped like an inverted triangle. From the Greek word delta, meaning triangle.
hamstring group	located at the back of the upper leg, consists of three separate muscles. Primary functions: knee flexion and hip extension.
frontalis	the muscle in the forehead that raises and lowers the eyebrows.
temporalis	muscle that moves the lower jaw up and back to close the mouth.
masseter	one of the strongest muscles in the body, moves the lower jaw up to close the mouth while chewing.
pectoralis major	makes up the bulk of the chest muscles. In females, this lies under the breast.
external oblique	found in the abdomen, flex and rotate the vertebral column, flex the torso, and compress the abdomen.
internal oblique	found in the abdomen, flex the spine, support the abdominal contents, help us breathe, and rotate the spine.
rectus abdominis	helps flex the trunk, assists in breathing, and supports the spine.
transverse abdominis	located on the side of the abdomen, engaged when a person laughs or coughs.
deltoid	forms the muscular cap of the shoulder.
trapezius	muscle that moves the head and shoulder blade.
rectus femoris	extends the leg at the knee and flexes the thigh at the hip joint.
quadriceps femoris	made up of four muscles, which flex and extend the leg at the knee.
gastrocnemius	the calf muscle that flexes the knee and bends the foot downward. Latin for "stomach of the leg" because of the way this muscle bulges out.
neurologist	a physician who specializes in treating the causes of paralysis and similar muscular disorders in which there is a loss of function.
occupational therapist	helps enable patients to participate in the activities of daily life, including self-care, education, work, or social interaction.
sports medicine physician	specializes in the prevention and treatment of injuries of the bones, joints, and muscles for athletes and other active individuals.
tendinitis	an acute inflammation or irritation of the tendons caused by excessive or unusual use of the joint. (tendin=tendon, -itis=inflammation)
tendinosis	a chronic condition characterized by pain due to repetitive overuse or an injury that has not healed tendin=tendon, -osis=abnormal condition)
cachexia	a condition of physically wasting away due to the loss of weight and muscle mass that occurs in patients with diseases such as advanced cancer or AIDS.
inguinal hernia	the most common type of hernia, located in the groin.
myalgia	tenderness or pain in the muscles. (my=muscle, -algia=pain)
rhabdomyolysis	a serious syndrome that can result from a direct or indirect muscle injury. (rhabdomy/o=striated muscle, -lysis= breakdown)
muscle tone	the state of balanced muscle tension (contraction and relaxation) that makes normal posture, coordination, and movement possible.
spasm	any sudden, involuntary contraction of one or more muscles. These movements are difficult or impossible to control.
cramp	a painful localized muscle spasm often named for its cause. Charley horse is the slang term.
repetitive stress disorders	a variety of muscular conditions that result from repeated motions performed in the course of normal work, daily activities, or recreation such as sports.
overuse injuries	minor tissue injuries that have not been given time to heal Can be caused by spending hours at the computer keyboard or by lengthy athletic training sessions.
overuse tendinitis	an inflammation of tendons caused by excessive or unusual use of a joint. (tendin=tendon, -itis=inflammation)
stress fractures	a type of overuse injury.
trigger finger	the painful and progressive restriction of movement caused by an inflammation of a tendon's synovial sheath.
myofascial pain syndrom	a chronic pain disorder that affects muscles and fascia throughout the body. Characterized by the development of trigger points producing local and referred muscle pain.
rotator cuff tear	occurs as the irritated tendon weakens, or as the result of a fall or injury.
carpal tunnel release	the surgical enlargement of the carpal tunnel or cutting of the carpal ligament to reduce the pressure on the median nerve.
morton's neuroma	a condition in which pain on the ball of the foot is caused by a swollen, inflamed nerve, usually between the third and fourth toes.
posterior tibial tendon dysfunction	occurs when the tendon supporting the foot's arch weakens. Also known as fallen arches.
strain	an injury to the body of muscle or to the attachment of a tendon.
hamstring injury	a strain or tear on any of the three hamstring muscles that straighten the hip and bend the knee.
achilles tendinitis	a painful inflammation of the achilles tendon caused by excessive stress being placed on that tendon.
iliotbial band syndrome	an overuse injury causing pain, usually just above the knee joint.
spinal cord injury	injury occurs when a vertebra is broken and a piece of the broken bone is pressing into the spinal cord.
deep tendon reflexes	tested with a reflex hammer that is used to strike a tendon.
range-of-motion testing	a diagnostic procedure to evaluate joint mobility and muscle strength.
muscle biopsy	involves the removal of a plug of tissue for examination.
antispasmodic	administered to suppress smooth muscle contractions of the stomach, intestine, or bladder.
cortisone	injected to relieve pain and inflammation in a specific joint.
muscle relaxant	administered to relax certain muscles and to relieve the stiffness, pain, and discomfort caused by strains, sprains, or other muscle injures.
neuromuscular-blocking drugs	cause temporary paralysis by blocking the transmission of nerve stimuli to the muscles.
platelet-rich plasma therapy	a treatment in which some of the patient's own blood is separated to created a concentrated platelet-rich plasma.
viscosupplementation	uses direct injections of hyaluronic acid into the knee to increase the joint's viscous fluid providing temporary relief from arthritis pain.
occupational therapy	consists of activities to promote recovery and rehab to assist patients in performing the activities of daily living.
physical therapy	treatment to prevent disability or restore function through the use of exercise, heat, massage, or other techniques.
therapeutic ultrasound	a physical therapy technique that uses high-frequency sound waves to treat muscle injuries by generating heat deep within muscle tissue.
transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation	a device that delivers electrical impulses through the skin, which cause changes in muscles.
fasciotomy	a surgical incision through the fascia to relieve tension or pressure. (fasci=fascia, -otomy=surgical incision)
myotomy	surgical incision into a muscle. (my/o=muscle, -otomy=surgical incision)

Chapter 4 Terms

Medical Terminology Chapter 4

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