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Chapter 2 Terms
Medical Terminology Chapter 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| aden/o* | gland |
| adip/o* | fat |
| anter/o* | before, front |
| caud/o* | lower part of body, tail |
| cephal/o* | head |
| cyt/o, -cyte* | cell |
| end-, endo-* | in, within, inside |
| exo-* | out of, outside, away from |
| hist/o* | tissue |
| -ologist* | specialist |
| -ology* | the science or study of |
| path/o, -pathy* | disease, suffering, feeling, emotion |
| plas/i, plas/o, -plasia* | development, growth, formation |
| poster/o* | behind, toward the back |
| -stasis, -static* | control, maintenance of a constant level |
| abdominal cavity* | contains the major organs of digestion. Frequently referred to simply as the abdomen. |
| adenocarcinoma* | a malignant tumor that originates in the glands and may spread to other parts of the body. (aden/o=gland, carcin=cancerous, -oma=tumor) |
| adenoma* | a benign tumor that starts in the epithelial tissue of a gland or gland-like structure. (aden=gland, -oma=tumor) |
| anaplasia* | a change in the structure of cells and in their orientation to each other. Characteristic of most cancerous tumor formation. (ana=backward, -plasia=formation) |
| anatomy* | the study of the structures of the body. |
| anomaly* | a deviation from what is regarded as normal. |
| anterior* | situated in the front. On the front or forward part of an organ. (anter=front or before, -ior=pertaining to) |
| aplasia* | the defective development or the congenital absence of an organ or tissue. (=without, -plaisia=formation) |
| atresia* | the congenital absence or narrowing of a normal body opening or passage. |
| autopsy* | a postmortem examination usually conducted to determine the cause of death. Also a way of evaluating the presence of disease and the effectiveness of treatment. |
| bloodborne transmission* | the spread of pathogens through infected blood or other body fluids. Ex: human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B, and most STDs. |
| caudal* | toward the lower part of the body. (caud=tail or lower part of the body, -al=pertaining to) |
| cephalic* | toward the head. (cephal=head, -ic=pertaining to) |
| chromosome* | a genetic structure located within the nucleus of each cell. |
| communicable disease* | any condition that is transmitted from one person to another either directly or by indirect contact with contaminated objects. Also known as a contagious disease. |
| congenital disorder* | an abnormal condition that exists at the time of birth. |
| cytoplasm* | the material within the cell membrane that is not part of the nucleus. (cyt/o=cell, -plasm=formative material of cells) |
| distal* | situated farthest from the midline or beginning of a body structure. |
| dorsal* | refers to the back of the organ or body. (dors=back of the body, -al=pertaining to) |
| dysplasia* | the abnormal development or growth of cells, or the presence of abnormal cells within a type of tissue. (dys=bad, -plasia=formation) |
| endemic* | the ongoing presence of a disease within a population, group or area. (en=within, dem=populations, -ic=pertaining to) |
| endocrine glands* | produce hormones that are secreted directly into the bloodstream and are then transported to organs and structures throughout the body. Do not have ducts. (endo=within, -crine=secrete) |
| epidemic* | a sudden and widespread outbreak of a disease within a specific population group or area. (epi=above, dem=population, -ic=pertaining to) |
| epigastric region* | located above the stomach. (epi=above, gastr=stomach, -ic=pertaining to) |
| etiology* | the study of the causes of diseases or abnormal conditions. (eti=cause, -ology=the study of) |
| exocrine glands* | secrete chemical substances into ducts that lead either to other organs or out of the body. Ex: salivary, mammary, and sweat glands. (exo=out of, -crine=secrete) |
| functional disorder* | produces physical symptoms for which no disease or other organic cause can be identified. Also known as non-organic disorder. |
| genetic disorder* | a pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene. Also known as a hereditary disease. |
| geriatrician* | a physician who specializes in the care of older people. |
| hemophilia* | a hereditary bleeding disorder in which a blood-clotting factor is missing. Characterized by spontaneous hemorrhages or sever bleeding following an injury. Mostly affects males. |
| histology* | the microscopic study of the structure, composition, and functions of tissues. (hist=tissue, -ology=the study of) |
| homeostasis* | the processes through which the body maintains a constant internal environment. |
| hyperplasia* | an increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ. (hyper=excessive, -plasia=formation) |
| hypertrophy* | a general increase in the bulk of a body part or organ that is due to an increase in the size, but not the number, of cells in the tissues. (hyper=excessive, -trophy=development) |
| hypogastric region* | located below the stomach. (hypo=below, gastr=stomach, -ic=pertaining to) |
| hypoplasia* | the underdevelopment of an organ or tissue, usually due to a deficiency in the number of cells. (hypo=deficient, -plasia=formation) |
| iatrogenic illness* | an unfavorable response due to prescribed medical treatment. From the Greek word for "caused by a healer." |
| idiopathic disease* | any disease without a known cause. (idi/o=peculiar to the individual, path=disease, -ic=pertaining to) |
| infectious disease* | an illness caused by living pathogenic organisms such as bacteria and viruses. |
| inguinal* | relating to the groin, refers to the entire lower area of the abdomen. |
| medial* | the direction toward, or nearer, the midline. |
| mesentery* | a fused double layer of the parietal peritoneum that attaches parts of the intestine to the interior abdominal wall. |
| midsagittal plane* | the sagittal plane that divides the body into equal left and right halves. Also known as the midline. |
| nosocomial infection* | a disease acquired in a hospital or clinical setting. Also known as a hospital-acquired infection (HAI). From the Greek word for hospital. |
| pandemic* | an outbreak of a disease occurring over a large geographic area, possibly worldwide. (pan=entire, dem=population, -ic=pertaining to) |
| pathology* | the study of disease: its nature and cause as well as the produced changes in structure and function. also means a condition produced by disease. |
| pelvic cavity* | the space formed by the hip bones and contains the organs of the reproductive and excretory systems. |
| peritoneum* | a multilayered membrane that protects and holds the organs in place within the abdominal cavity. |
| peritonitis* | inflammation of the peritoneum. |
| physiology* | the study of the functions of the structures of the body. (physi=nature or physical, -ology=study of) |
| posterior* | situated in the back. The back part of an organ. (poster=back or toward the back, -ior=pertaining to) |
| proximal* | situated nearest the midline or beginning of a body structure. |
| retroperitoneal* | located behind the peritoneum. (retro=behind, periton=peritoneum, -eal=pertaining to) |
| stem cells* | unspecialized cells that are able to renew themselves for long periods of time by cell division. |
| syndrome* | a set of signs and symptoms that occur together as part of a specific disease process. |
| thoracic cavity* | surrounds and protects the heart and the lungs. Also known as the chest cavity or thorax. |
| transverse plane* | a horizontal plane that divides that body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions. Can be at the waist or at any other level across the body. |
| umbilicus* | pit in the center of the abdominal wall that marks the point where the umbilical cord was attached before birth. commonly known as the belly button or navel. |
| vector-borne transmission* | the spread of certain disease through blood-sucking vectors such as flies, mites, fleas, and ticks. Mosquitoes are the most common vectors. |
| ventral* | refers to the front, or belly side, of the organ or body. (ventr=belly side of the body, -al=pertaining to) |
| anatomical reference system | used to describe the locations of the structural units of the body. |
| anatomical | adjective referring to anatomy. |
| anatomical position | describes the body standing in the standard position including: 1. Standing up straight so that the body is erect and facing forward. 2. Holding the arms at the sides with the hands turned so that the palms face toward the front. |
| body planes | imaginary vertical and horizontal lines used to divide the body into sections for descriptive purposes. |
| vertical plane | an up-and-down plane that is at a right angle to the horizon. |
| sagittal plane | a vertical plane that divides the body into unequal left and right portions. |
| frontal plane | a vertical plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions. Also known as the coronal plane. Located at right angles to the sagittal plane. |
| horizontal plane | a flat, crosswise plane, such as the horizon. |
| superior | uppermost, above, or toward the head. |
| inferior | lowermost, below, or toward the feet. |
| lateral | the direction toward, or nearer, the side of the body, away from the midline. |
| body cavities | spaces within the body that contain and protect internal organs. |
| dorsal cavity | located along the back of the body and head, contains organs of the nervous system that coordinate body functions. Divided into 2 portions: cranial and spinal. |
| cranial cavity | located within the skull, surrounds and protects the brain. |
| spinal cavity | located within the spinal column, surrounds and protects the spinal cord. |
| ventral cavity | located along the front of the body, contains the organs that sustain homeostasis. Divided into 3 portions: thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic. |
| homeostasis | the process through which the body maintains a constant internal environment. (home/o=constant, -stasis=control) |
| abdominopelvic cavity | refers to the two cavities as a single unit. (abdomin/o=abdomen, pelv=pelvis, -ic=pertaining to) |
| Regions of the thorax and abdomen | a descriptive system that divides the abdomen and lower portion of the thorax into nine parts. |
| hypochondriac regions, right and left | covered by the lower ribs. (hypo=below, chondr/i=cartilage, -ac=pertaining to) |
| lumbar regions, right and left | located near the inward curve of the spine. (lumb=lower back, -ar=pertaining to) |
| lumbar | the part of the back between the ribs and the pelvis. |
| umbilical region | surrounds the umbilicus. |
| iliac regions, right and left | located near the hip bones. (ili=hip bone, and -ac=pertaining to) |
| quadrant | divided into four. |
| parietal peritoneum | the outer layer of the peritoneum that lines the interior of the abdominal wall. (parietal means cavity wall) |
| visceral peritoneum | the layer of the peritoneum that surrounds the organs of the abdominal cavity. (visceral means relating to the internal organs) |
| cells | the basic structural and functional units of the body. |
| cytology | the study of the anatomy, physiology, pathology, and chemistry of the cell. (cyt=cell, -ology=the study of) |
| cytologist | a specialist in the study and analysis of cells. (cyt=cell, -ologist=specialist) |
| cell membrane | the tissue that surrounds and protects the contents of a cell from the external environment. |
| nucleus | structure within a cell, surrounded by the nuclear membrane, with 2 important functions: it controls the activities of the cell, and it helps the cell divide. |
| adult stem cells | undifferentiated cells found among differentiated cells in a tissue or organ. Also known as somatic stem cells. |
| embryonic stem cells | undifferentiated cells that have the ability to form any adult cell. |
| stem cell therapy | also known as regenerative medicine. |
| gene | a fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity. |
| genetics | the study of how genes are transferred from parents to their children and the role of genes in health and disease. (gene=producing, -tics=pertaining to) |
| geneticist | a specialist in the field of genetics. |
| dominant gene | a gene received by either parent. The offspring will inherit this genetic condition or characteristic. |
| recessive gene | if this gene inherited from both parents the offspring will have that condition. If this gene is inherited from only one parent and a normal gene is inherited from the other parent the offspring will not have the condition. |
| genome | the complete set of genetic information of an organism. |
| DNA | contains thousands of genes that provide the information essential for heredity, determining physical appearance, disease risks, and other traits. |
| genetic mutation | a change of the sequence of a DNA molecule. |
| cystic fibrosis | a genetic disorder that is present at birth and affects both the respiratory and digestive systems. |
| down syndrome | a genetic variation that is associated with a characteristic facial appearance, learning disabilities, developmental delays, and physical abnormalities such as heart valve disease. Also known as trisomy21. |
| fragile X syndrome | caused by changes in the MRI gene that usually makes a protein needed for normal brain development. Characterized by developmental delays, learning disabilities, and social and behavior problems. |
| Huntington's disease | genetic disorder that causes nerve degeneration with symptoms that most often appear in midlife. Eventually results in uncontrolled movements, the loss of some mental abilities, and psychiatric disorders such as depression. |
| marfan syndrome | a disorder affecting the connective tissue throughout the body including the heart, eyes, blood vessels and musculoskelatal system. |
| muscular dystrophy | a group of genetic diseases that are characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles that control movement. |
| phenylketonuria | a rare genetic disorder in which the essential digestive enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase is missing. Can be detected by a blood test performed on infants at birth. |
| tissue | a group or layer of similarly specialized cells that join together to perform certain specific functions. |
| histologist | a non-physician specialist who studies the microscopic structure of tissues. (hist=tissue, -ologist=specialist) |
| epithelial tissue | forms a protective covering for all of the internal and external surfaces of the body. |
| epithelium | the specialized epithelial tissue that forms the epidermis of the skin and the surface layer of mucous membranes. |
| endothelium | the specialized epithelial tissue that lines the blood and lymph vessels, body cavities, glands, and organs. |
| connective tissues | support and connect organs and other body tissues. |
| dense connective tissues | form the joints and framework of the body. (such as bones and cartilage) |
| adipose tissue | provides protective padding, insulation, and support. Also known as fat. (adip=fat, -ose=pertaining to) |
| loose connective tissue | holds organs in place and binds tissue together |
| fluid connective tissues | transport nutrients and waste products throughout the body. (blood and lymph) |
| muscle tissue | contains cells with the specialized ability to contract and relax. |
| nerve tissue | contains cells with the specialized ability to react to stimuli and to conduct electrical impulses. |
| gland | a group of specialized epithelial cells that are capable of producing secretions. |
| adenoids | refers to a mass of gland-like lymphoid tissue at the back of the upper pharynx. |
| adenitis | the inflammation of a gland. (aden=gland, -itis=inflammation) |
| adenosis | any disease or condition of a gland. (aden=gland, -osis=abnormal condition or disease) |
| organ | a somewhat independent part of the body that performs a specific function. |
| pathologist | a physician who specializes in the laboratory analysis of diseased tissue samples to confirm or establish a diagnosis. (path=disease, -ologist=specialist) |
| pathogen | a disease-producing microorganism such as a virus. |
| direct transmission | occurs when there is human-to-human contact in the form of touch or the exchange of bodily fluids. |
| droplet transmission | the spread of infected respiratory droplets sprayed by coughing or sneezing onto a nearby person, which can transmit diseases such as measles, cold, COVID-19, and flu. |
| indirect contact transmission | occurs in situations in which a susceptible person is infected by contact with a contaminated surface. |
| airborne transmission | occurs through contact with pathogens floating in the air. |
| food-borne and waterborne transmission | caused by eating or drinking contaminated food or water that has not been properly treated to remove contamination or kill any pathogens present. Also known as fecal-oral transmission. |
| epidemiologist | a specialist in the study of outbreaks of disease within a population group. (epi=above, dem/i=population, -ologist=specialist) |
| organic disorder | produces symptoms that are detectable physical changes in teh body. |
| metabolic syndrome | a common medical condition characterized by risk factors for developing heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes. |
| developmental disorder | can result in an anomaly or malformation such as the absence of a limb or the presence of an extra toe. Also known as a birth defect. |
| prenatal risk factors | these include the mother's health, her behavior, and the prenatal medical care she does or does not receive before delivery. |
| fetal alcohol syndrom | the result of a mother's consumption of alcohol during the pregnancy. Can cause physical and behavioral traits, including growth abnormalities, mental retardation, brain damage, and socialization difficulties. |
| premature birth | a birth that occurs earlier than the 37th week of development, can cause serious health problems such as breathing difficulties and heart problems. |
| birth injuries | disorders that occur as a result of trauma during labor or delivery. |
| geriatrics | the study of the medical problems and care of older people. |
| postmortem | means after death. |
| health care proxy | an advance directive allowing the person to appoint a trusted person, such as a family member or close friend, to make treatment decisions should the patient be unable to make them. |
| living will | a document that allows a person to state their wishes for end-of-life medical care, in case they become unable to communicate their decisions. |
| do not resuscitate order (DNR) | a legal document stating that a person does not wish to receive cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) if their heart or breathing stop. |
| general practitioner | provides ongoing care for patients of all ages. |
| internist | a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the internal organs and related body systems. |
| pediatrician | a physician who specializes in diagnosing, treating, and preventing disorders and diseases of infants and children. |
| pediatrics | a field of medicine that specializes in diagnosing, treating, and preventing disorders and diseases of infants and children. (ped=child, -iatrics=a field of medicine) |
| nurse practitioner | a nurse with graduate training who often works as a primary care provider. |
| physician assistant | a licensed professional who works under the supervision of a physician. |
| medical receptionist | schedules an registers patients for appointments and may also work as a medical assistant. |
| medical assistant | performs administrative and clinical tasks in a doctor's office, such as coding patients' medical information, measuring a patient's vital signs, administering injections, and drawing blood. |
| certified medical assistant | a medical assistant certified through the American Association of Medical Assistants. |
| medical coder | reviews patients' medical records for insurance purposes, assigning codes for treatment and services based on universal alphanumeric codes for medical diagnoses, equipment, and procedures. |
| emergency room | focuses on diagnosing and treating life-threatening emergency medical conditions. |
| emergency physician | a doctor who specializes in high-acuity medicine in the ER. |
| emergency medical technician | a licensed health care professional who works in a pre-hospital setting on an ambulance or in an emergency room. |
| registered nurse | a licensed health care professional who works in a variety of health care settings. |
| licensed vocational nurse | works under the supervision of a doctor or RN to provide basic patient care. Also known as a licensed practical nurse (LPN). |
| certified nursing assistant | works under the supervision of a RN to provide basic patient care. |
| pharmacist | a licensed medical professional who dispenses prescribed medication to patients. |
| intensive care unite | provides continuously monitored care for critically ill patients. |
| intensivist | a physician specializing in the care of critically ill patients hospitalized in the ICU. |
| hospitalist | a physician focusing on the general medical care of hospitalized patients. |
| telemetry | a unit that provides continuous cardiac monitoring for patients with heart problems not requiring intensive care. |
| medical/surgical unit | provides nursing care for lower-acuity patients who are recovering from surgery or require continued drug therapy or monitoring. |
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