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Chapter 4
Nutrition
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Carbohydrates | Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Can be simple or complex. |
| Simple carbohydrates | Monosaccharides and disaccharides. Commonly referred to as sugars. |
| Monosaccharides | 3 most common- Glucose, fructose and galactose. |
| Disaccharides | Lactose, maltose, sucrose |
| Polysaccharides | Complex carbohydrates- Starch, Glycogen and Fiber |
| Dietary fiber | Non-digestible parts of plants that form the support structures of leaves, stems and seeds. |
| Functional fiber | Non-digestible forms of carbohydrates that are extracted from plants or manufactured in the laboratory and have known health benefits. |
| Total fiber | Sum of dietary fiber and functional fiber. |
| Soluble fibers | Dissolve in water are viscous and fermentable- pectins, fructans, gums, and mucilages |
| Insoluble fibers | Do not dissolve in water, usually non-viscous and typically cannot be fermented by bacteria in the colon. Examples-lignins, cellulose, hemicelluloses. |
| Carbohydrates | Provide energy for daily activities and exercise, fuel exercise, spare protein and prevent ketoacidosis. |
| Exericse | Must have good carbohydrate intake for exercise to avoid excessive ketones in the blood which leads to ketoacidosis. |
| Fiber benefits (potential) | Prevents, hemorrhoids, constipation, reduces risk of diverticulitis, colon cancer, cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. may enhance weight loss. |
| Starch digestion | Begins in the mouth through the action of salivary amylase. |
| Carbohydrate digestion | Mostly happens in the small intestine. |
| Liver | Converts most non-glucose monosaccharides into glucose. The glucose is released into the blood stream for immediate energy. If the need is not needed immediately it is stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles. |
| Fiber | Is excreted from the large intestine. |
| Insulin | Lowers blood sugar by facilitating uptake of glucose by body cells. |
| Glucagon | Raises blood glucose by causing the liver to convert its stored glycogen into glucose. |
| "Fight or Flight" | Epinephrine and norepinephrine are the two hormones responsible for this reaction to danger. |
| Glycemic index | Refers to the potential of foods to raise blood glucose levels. |
| Adequate Intake (AI) of fiber | 25g per day for women 38g per day for men |
| Whole grain kernel | Retain bran, endosperm, and germ |
| Enriched foods | Nutrients that were lost in processing have been added back so the food meets a specific standard. |
| Fortified foods | Nutrients added that did not originally exist in the food. |
| Excessive fiber | Can lead to intestinal gas, bloating, constipation and it can reduce absorption of important vitamins and minerals. |
| Nonnutritive sweetners | Manufactured sweeteners that provide little or no energy. |
| Saccharin (sweet n low) | 300 times sweeter than sucrose |
| Acesulfame-K (Sunette/Sweet one) | `200 times sweeter than sugar |
| Aspartame (Equal and Nutra Sweet) | 180 times |
| Sucralose/Splenda | 600 times sweeter than sugar |
| Diabetes | Chronic disease in which the body can no longer regulate glucose. |
| Neuropathy | Damage to the nerves |
| Type 1 diabetes | Autoimmune disease, body does not produce enough insulin. Mostly diagnosed at ages 10-14, but can be appear in infants, young children and adults. Only treatment is administration of insulin by injection or pump several times a day. |
| Type 2 diabetes | Cells become less responsive to insulin. Obesity is the most common trigger. |
| Diagnosis Diabetes | 3 tests: Fasting plasma glucose (FPG), Oral glucose tolerance (OGT), Glycosylated hemoglobin (A1c). |
Created by:
askilton
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