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Chapter 3
Nutrtion
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The cell membrane | Defines the cell boundaries and allows or denies entry and exit of molecules such as nutrients and waste. |
| Digestion results in: | Breaking our food into small molecules. |
| Cells are: | The smallest unit of life. |
| The nucleus is: | Where our genetic information (DNA) is located. |
| Ribosomes use: | Instructions from DNA to assemble proteins |
| The path of proteins is: | Proteins enter the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and are packaged for transport. |
| The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) synthesizes: | Lipids and many other cell functions |
| Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) | Is produced by Mitochondria and is a stored form of energy, from basic food components. |
| Appetite | A psychological desire to consume specific foods. |
| Hunger | A physiologic drive that prompts us to eat. |
| Hypothalamus | Regulates hunger |
| Satiety Center | Inhibits the feeding center cells-tells you when you are full. |
| Insulin and Glucagon | Are responsible for maintaining blood glucose levels. |
| The process of digestion: | Mouth, Esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum. |
| Ghrelin, cholecystokinin (CCK) and leptin | Act on the feeding and satiety centers of the hypothalamus. |
| Four accessory organs of digestion that play have an essential role in GI function. | Salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. |
| Cephalic phase | Is the earliest phase of digestion. |
| Chewing | Moistens food and mechanically breaks it down. |
| Saliva | Moistens food and contains the enzyme amylase, begins that process of carbohydrate digestion. |
| Peristalsis | Rhythmic waves of muscular contraction that move food in one direction through the length of the GI tract. |
| Stomach | Mixes, digests and stores food. |
| Gastric juice | A digestive fluid that contains several important compounds. |
| Intrinsic Factor | A protein critical to the absorption of Vitamin B12. |
| Pepsinogen | Is converted by HCl into pepsin, which begins the digestion of protein. |
| Gastric lipase | An enzyme responsible for fat digestion. |
| Small intestine | The longest portion of the GI tract at 22 ft long and consists of 3 sections. duodenum, jejunum and the ileum. |
| Large intestine | Cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, and the anal canal. |
| Digestive mass | Is stored for 12-24 hours. |
| Gallbladder | Cholecystine (CCK) signals the gallbladder to contract. Gallbladder aids in digestion by releasing bile to emulsify fat. |
| Pancreas | Aids in digestion by secreting digestive enzymes. |
| 1st type of absorption in the small intestine | Passive diffusion, lipids some minerals, and water cross into the enterocytes. |
| 2nd type of absorption in the small intestine | Facilitated diffusion, high concentration of nutrients are carried across the enterocyte membrane with the help of a protein. |
| 3rd type of absorption in the small intestine | Active transport, a carrier protein and energy (ATP) together transport nutrients from areas of low to high concentration. |
| 4th type of absorption in the small intestine | Endocytosis, nutrients are engulfed by the enterocyte's cell membrane, and incorporated into the cell. |
| Blood | Travels through the cardiovascular system |
| Lymph | Travels through the lymphatic system. |
| Liver | Has over 500 functions, including digestive and regulatory functions, filters blood and synthesizes many of the chemicals needed for metabolism. |
| Heartburn | Painful sensation that occurs over the sternum when gastric juice pools. |
| Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) | Chronic disease in which episodes of heartburn. |
| Ulcers | An erosion in the GI tract. Prolonged use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can also cause ulcers. |
| Peptic Ulcer | An area of the GI tract that has been eroded away by a combination of hydrochloric acid and the enzyme pepsin |
| Gastric ulcer | Located in the stomach area |
| Duodenal ulcer | Located in the duodenum, usually close to the stomach |
| Helicobacter pylori | Plays a key role in the development of most peptic ulcers. |
| Cyclic vomiting syndrome (CVS) | Chronic condition characterized by recurring cycles of ssever nausea and vomiting. |
| Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) | Disorder that interferes with normal functions of the colon. |
| Cancer | Most common GI cancer is colorectal, affecting the colon or rectum. |
| Lactose intolerance | Common food intolerance, clients need to limit or eliminate dairy intake, depending of the severity. |
| Food allergy | Less common than intolerance; Hypersensitivity reaction of the immune system to a particular component in a food. |
| Celiac Disease | Inherited immune disease. Characterized by a total intolerance for gliadin-a fraction of the protein gluten that is found in wheat, rye, barley and triticale. |
| "Gold Standard" for diagnosis of Celiac disease: | Biopsy of the small intestine showing intestinal villi atrophy. |
Created by:
askilton
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