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CH 14 Study Guide

CH 14 REVIEW (Disease + Other)

TermDefinition
endocrine system includes -hypothalamus - pineal gland - pituitary gland - thyroid gland - parathyroid gland - thymus - adrenal glands - pancreas - ovaries - testes
endocrine are alike in these ways... - secrete hormones - secreted directly into blood (not through ducts) - hormones regulate specific body functions
homeostasis kept by regulating... - body fluids - electrolytes - glucose - cellular metabolism - growth - sleep/wake cycle
also in NERVOUS SYSTEM: - hypothalamus - posterior pituitary gland
also in IMMUNE SYSTEM: thymus
also in DIGESTIVE SYSTEM: pancreas
also in GENITAL and REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM: ovaries, testes
Hypothalamus brain, below thalamus - secretes substance that stimulate or inhibit secretion of hormones from anterior pituitary gland - produces ADH (anti-diuretic hormone) and oxytocin
Pituitary Gland brain, end of stalk from hypothalamus - "master gland" - contains two glands that function independently of each other (anterior and posterior)
Anterior Pituitary Gland Hormones: sexual/reproductive - Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH): thyroid gland - Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH): ovaries and testes - Luteinizing hormone (LH): ovulation or testes - Prolactin: milk production
Anterior Pituitary Gland Hormones: other - Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH): adrenal cortex, cortisol, androgen production - Growth Hormone (GH): growth - Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH): in skin and hair during pregnancy
Posterior Pituitary Gland Hormones - antidiuretic hormone (ADH): increases water reabsorption - oxytocin: stimulates uterus and mammary glands
Pineal Gland between two lobes of thalamus - secretes melatonin hormone - which maintains body's internal clock ; regulates onset and duration of sleep
Thyroid Gland both trachea sides, anterior ; two lobes connected by thin bridge (isthmus) - T3 (triiodothyronine): increases metabolism - T4 (thyroxin): increases metabolism - Calcitonin: decrease release of bone calcium to prevent increase of blood calcium
Parathyroid Glands four tiny glands, posterior of thyroid gland, two on each lobe - Parathyroid Hormone: increases amount of calcium in blood
Thymus Gland pink gland w/ two lobes, thoracic cavity posterior sternum - large during childhood and puberty, shrinks during adulthood - Thymosin: increases T-cell development (immune response) from stem cells
Pancreas posterior to stomach, secretes hormones from cells in the islets of Langerhans - Glucagon: increases blood sugar - Insulin: controls blood sugar - Somatostatin: inhibits insulin
Adrenal Glands contains two different glands, draped over superior end of each kidney - each gland has outer (cortex) and inner (medulla) layer
Adrenal CORTEX Hormones Mineralcorticoids - Aldosterone: increases salt reabsorption Glucocorticoids - Cortisol: increase blood glucose, metabolism, supresses allergic response, stress, inflammation Sex Hormones - Androgen, Estrogen: sexual characteristics
Adrenal MEDULLA secretes into blood when gland is stimulated by nerve impulse - epinephrine - norepinephrine
Ovaries Hormones Follicles - estradiol: most abundant and active female hormone, secondary sexual characteristics Corpus Luteum (ruptured ovarian follicle) - estradiol + progesterone: maintains pregnancy - cells around secrete testosterone (muscle, bone, sex drive)
Testes egg-shaped glands in scrotum - seminiferous tubules: produce spermatozoa - testosterone: most abundant and biologically active androgen
Hormone Response and Feedback - use hormones as chemical messengers - some neurotransmitters (epinephrine and norepinephrine) are also hormones - hormones target glands or organs w/ receptors to which they can bind
Synergism two hormones work together to accomplish enhanced effect
Antagonism two hormones exert an opposite effect
Anterior Pituitary Gland: Hyperpituitarism too much growth hormone - acromegaly, gigantism in child
Anterior Pituitary Gland: Hypopituitarism loss of 2 degree sex characteristics, paleness, coldness, weakness
Anterior Pituitary Gland: Galactorrhea too much prolactin, excessive milk
Anterior Pituitary Gland: Failure of lactation too little prolactin
Posterior Pituitary Gland: Uterine Inertia too little oxytocin, not enough uterus contraction during labor
Pineal Gland: Seasonal Afffective Disorder (SAD) hypersecretion of melatonin, esp. during winter months - depression - weight gain - desire for food/sleep
Thyroid Gland: Hyperthyroidism too much T3 and T4 - Thyrotoxicosis (fever, sweating, tachycardia, pulmonary edema, congestive heart failure, restlessness, poss. fatal if untreated) - Graves' Disease: goiter (thyromegaly) and exophthalmos (bulging eyes)
Thyroid Gland: Hypothyroidism too little T3 and T4 - lower metabolism, obesity, slow pulse, sluggishness, goiter - thyroid carcinoma: malignant - thyroiditis
Parathyroid Glands: Hyperparathyroidism elevated blood calcium - demineralization of bone
Parathyroid Glands: Hypoparathyroidism low blood calcium - muscle spasms/tetany
Pancreas: Hyperinsulinism too much insulin - hunger, shakiness, perspiration
Pancreas: Insulin Resistance Syndrome decrease insulin sensitivity, cells in muscles, fat, and liver don't respond as much as they should - increased risk for coronary artery disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes
Pancreas: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) not enough insulin secretion - type 1, 2, or LADA
Pancreas: Ketoacidosis breakdown of fats from faulty carb metabolism - diabetes
Adrenal Cortex: Cushing Syndrome too much cortisol - buffalo hump, moon facies, dark facial hair (in women), muscle wasting in extremities, obestiy, abdominal striae
Adrenal Cortex: Addison Disease too little cortisol - chronic, worsening fatigue - loss of appetite, weight - low blood pressure - nausea, vomiting, diarrhea - weak muscles, spasms - emotional changes (irritability, depression) - craving salty (salt loss) - darkening of skin
Blood Tests - fasting blood sugar (FBS) - FSH assay and LH assay - Glucose self-testing (diabetes control) - Glucose tolerance test (GTT) - Hemoglobin A1c (HBA1c)
Created by: linju156
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