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CH 14 Study Guide
CH 14 REVIEW (Disease + Other)
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| endocrine system includes | -hypothalamus - pineal gland - pituitary gland - thyroid gland - parathyroid gland - thymus - adrenal glands - pancreas - ovaries - testes |
| endocrine are alike in these ways... | - secrete hormones - secreted directly into blood (not through ducts) - hormones regulate specific body functions |
| homeostasis kept by regulating... | - body fluids - electrolytes - glucose - cellular metabolism - growth - sleep/wake cycle |
| also in NERVOUS SYSTEM: | - hypothalamus - posterior pituitary gland |
| also in IMMUNE SYSTEM: | thymus |
| also in DIGESTIVE SYSTEM: | pancreas |
| also in GENITAL and REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM: | ovaries, testes |
| Hypothalamus | brain, below thalamus - secretes substance that stimulate or inhibit secretion of hormones from anterior pituitary gland - produces ADH (anti-diuretic hormone) and oxytocin |
| Pituitary Gland | brain, end of stalk from hypothalamus - "master gland" - contains two glands that function independently of each other (anterior and posterior) |
| Anterior Pituitary Gland Hormones: sexual/reproductive | - Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH): thyroid gland - Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH): ovaries and testes - Luteinizing hormone (LH): ovulation or testes - Prolactin: milk production |
| Anterior Pituitary Gland Hormones: other | - Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH): adrenal cortex, cortisol, androgen production - Growth Hormone (GH): growth - Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH): in skin and hair during pregnancy |
| Posterior Pituitary Gland Hormones | - antidiuretic hormone (ADH): increases water reabsorption - oxytocin: stimulates uterus and mammary glands |
| Pineal Gland | between two lobes of thalamus - secretes melatonin hormone - which maintains body's internal clock ; regulates onset and duration of sleep |
| Thyroid Gland | both trachea sides, anterior ; two lobes connected by thin bridge (isthmus) - T3 (triiodothyronine): increases metabolism - T4 (thyroxin): increases metabolism - Calcitonin: decrease release of bone calcium to prevent increase of blood calcium |
| Parathyroid Glands | four tiny glands, posterior of thyroid gland, two on each lobe - Parathyroid Hormone: increases amount of calcium in blood |
| Thymus Gland | pink gland w/ two lobes, thoracic cavity posterior sternum - large during childhood and puberty, shrinks during adulthood - Thymosin: increases T-cell development (immune response) from stem cells |
| Pancreas | posterior to stomach, secretes hormones from cells in the islets of Langerhans - Glucagon: increases blood sugar - Insulin: controls blood sugar - Somatostatin: inhibits insulin |
| Adrenal Glands | contains two different glands, draped over superior end of each kidney - each gland has outer (cortex) and inner (medulla) layer |
| Adrenal CORTEX Hormones | Mineralcorticoids - Aldosterone: increases salt reabsorption Glucocorticoids - Cortisol: increase blood glucose, metabolism, supresses allergic response, stress, inflammation Sex Hormones - Androgen, Estrogen: sexual characteristics |
| Adrenal MEDULLA | secretes into blood when gland is stimulated by nerve impulse - epinephrine - norepinephrine |
| Ovaries Hormones | Follicles - estradiol: most abundant and active female hormone, secondary sexual characteristics Corpus Luteum (ruptured ovarian follicle) - estradiol + progesterone: maintains pregnancy - cells around secrete testosterone (muscle, bone, sex drive) |
| Testes | egg-shaped glands in scrotum - seminiferous tubules: produce spermatozoa - testosterone: most abundant and biologically active androgen |
| Hormone Response and Feedback | - use hormones as chemical messengers - some neurotransmitters (epinephrine and norepinephrine) are also hormones - hormones target glands or organs w/ receptors to which they can bind |
| Synergism | two hormones work together to accomplish enhanced effect |
| Antagonism | two hormones exert an opposite effect |
| Anterior Pituitary Gland: Hyperpituitarism | too much growth hormone - acromegaly, gigantism in child |
| Anterior Pituitary Gland: Hypopituitarism | loss of 2 degree sex characteristics, paleness, coldness, weakness |
| Anterior Pituitary Gland: Galactorrhea | too much prolactin, excessive milk |
| Anterior Pituitary Gland: Failure of lactation | too little prolactin |
| Posterior Pituitary Gland: Uterine Inertia | too little oxytocin, not enough uterus contraction during labor |
| Pineal Gland: Seasonal Afffective Disorder (SAD) | hypersecretion of melatonin, esp. during winter months - depression - weight gain - desire for food/sleep |
| Thyroid Gland: Hyperthyroidism | too much T3 and T4 - Thyrotoxicosis (fever, sweating, tachycardia, pulmonary edema, congestive heart failure, restlessness, poss. fatal if untreated) - Graves' Disease: goiter (thyromegaly) and exophthalmos (bulging eyes) |
| Thyroid Gland: Hypothyroidism | too little T3 and T4 - lower metabolism, obesity, slow pulse, sluggishness, goiter - thyroid carcinoma: malignant - thyroiditis |
| Parathyroid Glands: Hyperparathyroidism | elevated blood calcium - demineralization of bone |
| Parathyroid Glands: Hypoparathyroidism | low blood calcium - muscle spasms/tetany |
| Pancreas: Hyperinsulinism | too much insulin - hunger, shakiness, perspiration |
| Pancreas: Insulin Resistance Syndrome | decrease insulin sensitivity, cells in muscles, fat, and liver don't respond as much as they should - increased risk for coronary artery disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes |
| Pancreas: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) | not enough insulin secretion - type 1, 2, or LADA |
| Pancreas: Ketoacidosis | breakdown of fats from faulty carb metabolism - diabetes |
| Adrenal Cortex: Cushing Syndrome | too much cortisol - buffalo hump, moon facies, dark facial hair (in women), muscle wasting in extremities, obestiy, abdominal striae |
| Adrenal Cortex: Addison Disease | too little cortisol - chronic, worsening fatigue - loss of appetite, weight - low blood pressure - nausea, vomiting, diarrhea - weak muscles, spasms - emotional changes (irritability, depression) - craving salty (salt loss) - darkening of skin |
| Blood Tests | - fasting blood sugar (FBS) - FSH assay and LH assay - Glucose self-testing (diabetes control) - Glucose tolerance test (GTT) - Hemoglobin A1c (HBA1c) |
Created by:
linju156
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