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CH 14 Study Guide
CH 14 REVIEW (Additional Medical Terms)
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Addison's disease | an autoimmune disease of hyposecretion of cortisol from either destruction of adrenal cortex or hyposecretion of ACTH from anterior pituitary gland |
| adenomata | plural of adenoma (tumor of a gland) |
| aldosterone | the most abundant and biologically active of the mineralocorticoid hormones |
| assay | examination and determination as to characteristics (as weight, measure, or quality) |
| calcium | level of calcium is measured to determine if parathyroid gland is secreting normal amount |
| cortex (pl. cortices) | the outer or superficial part of an organ or body structure (as the kidney, adrenal gland, or a hair) |
| cortisol | the most abundant and biologically active of the glucocorticoid hormones, measured to determine if adrenal cortex is secreting normal amount |
| cretinism | a congenital disease due to absence or deficiency of normal thyroid secretion, characterized by physical deformity, dwarfism, and mental retardation, and often by goiter |
| Cushing's syndrome | hypersecretion of cortisol from adenoma in the adrenal cortex cuasing high glucose level in the blood |
| diabetes | any of the several disorders characterized by increased urine production |
| dwarfism | a hyposecretion of growth hormone early in life from a defect in the anterior pituitary, causing a lack of growth and short stature |
| epinephrine | of the adrenal medulla ; most potent stimulant of the sympathetic nervous system - increased heart rate, vasoconstriction or vasodilation, relaxation of bronchiolar and intestinal smooth muscle, glycogenolysis, liplysis, and other metabolic effects |
| exophthalmos | protrusion of the eyeball from the orbit, caused by disease, especially hyperthyroidism, or injury |
| follicle | a small bodily cavity or sac |
| gland | a cell, a group of cells, or an organ that produces a secretion for use in or for elimination from the body |
| Glucola | a sugary drink used to measure glucose tolerance |
| glycohemoglobin | (also glycosylated hemoglobin or hemoglobin A1c) |
| glycosylated hemoglbin | another name for hemoglobin A1c test or glycohemoglobin |
| goiter | enlargement of the thyroid gland, visible as a swelling at the front of the neck, that is often associated with iodine deficiency |
| Graves' disease | excessive thyroid hormone, characterized by an enlarged thyroid gland, protrusion of eyeballs, a rapid heartbeat, and nervous excitability |
| Hashimoto's thyroiditis | an autoimmune disorder of chronic inflammation and progressive destruction of the thyroid gland |
| Hemoglobin A1c | measures the fraction of red blood cells, which bind with red blood cells ; determines how well a diabetic patient is controlling blood glucose level with diet and drugs (also called glycohemoglobin or glycosylated hemoglobin) |
| hormone | a substance, usually a peptide or steroid, produced by one tissue and conveyed by the bloodstream to another to to effect physiological activity, such as growth or metabolism |
| hydroxycorticosteroids | a metabolite of cortisol ; can be measured in urine to measure cortisol level in the blood |
| hyperaldosteronism | hypersecretion of aldosterone from inherited genetic abnormality of adrenal cortex |
| hypothalamus | the part of the brain that lies below the thalamus, and that regulates bodily temperature, certain metabolic processes, and other autonomic activities |
| inertia | resistance or disinclination to motion, action, or change |
| insipidus | Latin for "lacking a distinctive appearance or taste" (urine is dilute like water) |
| insulin | a drug used to treat type 1 an type 1.5 diabetes mellitus |
| iodine | a bluish-black element used in medicine and in dyes ; the radioisotope iodine-131 (radioiodine), is used in the diagnosis and treatment of the thyroid disease |
| islets of Langerhans | irregular clusters of endocrine cells scattered throughout the tissue of the pancreas that secrete insulin and glucagon |
| isthmus | a constriction or narrow passage connecting two larger parts of an organ or other anatomical structure |
| ketones | a high level of this substance in the blood occurs in diabetes mellitus as the body metabolizes fat instead of glucose |
| lobe | a subdivision of a body organ or part bounded by fissures, connective tissue, or other structural boundaries |
| medulla (pl. medullae) | the inner or deep part of an organ or structure |
| melatonin | a hormone secreted by the pineal gland and associated with the wake-sleep cycle |
| mellitus | Latin for "honeyed" (large amounts of glucose in the urine) |
| norepinephrine | (also called noradrenaline) a neurotransmitter, released in the autonomic and possibly the central nervous system, that has such effects as constricting blood vessels, raising blood pressure, and dilating bronchi |
| ovary | one of the paired female reproductive organs that produce ova and certain sex hormones including estrogen |
| pancreas | a gland, situated near the stomach, that secretes a digestive fluid into the intestine through one or more ducts and also secretes the hormone insulin |
| panhypopituarism | hyposecretion of all the hormones of the anterior pituitary gland |
| pineal gland | a gland between the two lobes of the thalamus that secretes melatonin |
| precocious | exceptionally early in development or occurrence |
| progesterone | a hormone that prepares the uterus for the fertilized ovum and maintains pregnancy |
| sella turcica | a depression in the middle line of the upper surface of theh sphenoid bone in which the pituitary gland is lodged |
| testes (sing. testis) | (also called testicle) the male gonads or reproductive glands, located in the sternum |
| testicle | (also called testis) either of the two male reproductive glands, enclosed within the scrotum, that produce spermatozoa and the hormone testoterone |
| testoterone | the sex hormone, secreted by the testes, that stimulates the development of male sex organs, secondary sexual traits, and sperm |
| thymus | a ductless, butterfly-shaped gland lying at the base of the neck, mostly of lymphatic tissue and aiding in the production of T cells of the immune system: after puberty, the lymphatic tissue gradually degenerates |
| thyroid | an organ at the base of the throat that makes hormones that help control heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature, and weight |
| thyrozine | the thyroid gland homone that regulates the metabolic rate of the body |
| vanillylmandelic acid | a 24-hour urine test that measures levels of epinephrine and norepinephrine |
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