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Microbiology

QuestionAnswer
Microbiology •Fungi -yeast -moulds -large fungi •Bacteria •(Viruses)
Conditions necessary for the growth of microorganisms - Temperature •Psychrophilic microorganisms: grow best at –5°C to 20°C. • Mesophilic microorganisms: grow best at 20 to 45°C. Most microorganisms prefer this temperature range. • Thermophilic microorganisms: grow best at hot temperatures of 45 to 80°C.
Six conditions needed for micro-organisms to grow •food •warmth •moisture •Time •Oxygen •pH
Conditions for Growth of Mould •Food: feed on foods eg bread, jam, cheese • Warmth: loves temp. 20 to 45°C • Moisture: needs moisture for growth • Oxygen: aerobic: grow on surface of solid foods • pH level: slightly acidic environment • Time: needs time
Asexual reproduction of mould Occurs when mycelium is well established • Hypha grows upwards • Spore forming head develops: sporangium or conididium • When ripe they burst releasing spores • Spores travel by wind or water
Sexual reproduction of moulds Two hyphae grow side by side. They grow towards each other. They fuse together. Zygospore forms Sporangium/conidium develops
Classification of moulds: Phycomycetes Phycomycetes • Optimum temperature 30 to 40oC • Non septae (no cross walls) • Produce sporangium • Reproduce asexually & sexually
Classification of moulds: Ascomycetes Ascomycetes • Optimum temperature 20 to 25oC • Septae (have cross walls) • Produce conidium • Reproduce asexually
Phycomycetes Phycomycetes Mucor • Asexually & sexually • White hyphae & grey sporangia Rhizopus • Asexually • Fluffy white mycelium & black sporangia
Ascomycetes Ascomycetes Penicillium • Asexually • Greenish blue mould • Produces penicillin • Ripens blue veined cheese Aspergillus • Asexually • Grey greenish or black mould
Basidiomycetes Large Fungi (Mushrooms Agaricus Campestris- Edible Mushrooms Truffles- Wild Fungus Amanita - Poisonous Mushrooms
Growth of Mushrooms pt. 1 Begin as a single spore .The spore develops hyphae forming the mycelium .Tightly packed hyphae grow upwards from the mycelium as the stalk. A closed cap forms. Underneath the cap has gils. Between the gills are spore forming bodies called basid
Growth of Mushrooms pt. 2 When the mushroom is fully ripe the basidia release spores into the atmosphere. • If they land on a suitable area, they repeat the cycle and more mushrooms grow
Conditions for Growth of Yeast •Food: feeds on carbohydrate foods eg bread • Warmth: loves temp. 25 to 30 oC •Moisture: needs moisture for growth • Oxygen: facultative organism – can live with or without oxygen • pH level: acidic environment • Time: needs time
Budding of yeast Cell divides by mitosis. Daughter nuclei and cytoplasm enter small developing bud. This bud separates from parent cell to become new individual cell.
Fermentation of yeast Fermentation is the breakdown of sugar by yeast to produce alcohol & carbon dioxide • C6H12O6 + yeast + warmth = 2C2H5OH +2CO2 + energy • Used in bread making & brewing
Bacteria Bacteria can be pathogenic (disease causing) or non pathogenic
Conditions for Growth of Bacteria Food: feeds on protein foods eg meat, fish • Warmth: most are mesophiles 25 to 45oC Listeria is psychrophillic • Moisture • Oxygen: some are aerobic, some are facultative e.g. Salmonella • pH level: neutral or slightly acidic environment • Time
Binary fision •Cell increases in length • Nuclear material divides in 2 • Membrane forms between the nuclear material • The cell wall forms dividing the cells • The cells separate
Toxins: Endotoxins Endotoxins • Produced inside the bacterial cell • Released when the bacteria dies • Affects digestive system • Cause infectiousfood poisoning • Symptoms do not develop quickly • E.g. Salmonella, E Coli
Toxins: Exotoxins Exotoxins •Produced outside the bacterial cell • Released when the bacteria is growing • Can travel in blood stream all over the body • Cause toxic food poisoning • Symptoms develop quickly • E.g. Clostridium Botulinum
Spore formation. In unfavourable conditions bacteria can form endospores e.g. listeria & clostridium botulinum. Endospores form within the cell . Endospores have thick protein wall & can live until conditions are suitable .They will then germinate into one cell
Classification of Bacteria: Coccus •Single: coccus e.g. meningitis • In pairs: diplococci e.g. pneumonia • In chains: streptococci e.g. tonsilitis • In clusters: staphylococci e.g. food poisoning
Classification of Bacteria: Bacillus rod shaped • Bacilli e.g. salmonella, E coli, listeria • Clostridia e.g. Clostridium botulinum
Classification of Bacteria: Vibrio & spirillum • Vibrios: comma shaped e.g. cholera • Spirilla: spiral shaped e.g. syphilis
Created by: Caoimhek
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