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CCMA CH 8
CCMA CH 8 REVIEW (Microbiology - Overview)
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Microbiology | study of living forms only visible under microscope - microorganisms everywhere, usually don't cause problems, - under such conditions as impairment of immunity, microorganisms (those that are harmful) can cause serious infections |
| Cell Structure | - at the body's lowest level of organization - chemical - the same elements form everything in the environment - chemical compounds react and combine to for millions of cells (basic units of life) |
| Cytoplasm | inside of the cell that contains other organelles; ex) mitochondria - performs functions of the cell - contains water, proteins, ion, nutrients |
| Lysosome | responsible for digestion |
| Mitochondrion | an organelle that gives the cells energy; could have 1 or more depending on energy need of cell |
| Centriole | a cylindrical-shaped organelle that plays a role in cell division, with each pair in the cell making sure to divide the chromosomes equally to the cells that results from the reproduction process |
| Nucleus | round structure inside cell, near center; largest organelle, controls cells functions; contains chromosomes - thread-like structures made of the person's DNA (genetic info) |
| Cell Membrane | thin, outermost layer; selectively permeable; in bacteria - within cell wall |
| Cell Wall | outermost, layer that provides protection; not in human cells but in bacteria; gram-positive or negative - important to medication selection process |
| Ribosomes | an organelle that contributes to protein synthesis, which is the building of proteins form their basic components, the amino acids, support protein chains such as RNA |
| Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) | no ribosomes attached |
| Flagellum | a tail-like appendage that allows the cell to move in a swimming-like motion; a sperm cell has a flagellum to help it move toward egg cells |
| Cilia | hair-like projections that help move substances through various tracts and paths in the body; some mucous membranes, such as in respiratory tract, have cilia |
| Nuclear Membrane | structure that surrounds the nucleus; contains pores to allow bigger compounds to move in and out of the nucleus |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | provides networks of passageways of moving various substances within the cytoplasm |
| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) | has ribosomes attached |
| Golgi Apparatus | synthesizes carbohydrates and sorts the proteins the ribosome is supporting; also stores in preparation for substances for removal from the cell |
| Peroxisome | contains enzymes |
| Bacteria | - single-cell microorganism that reproduces rapidly and causes many different infections - can survive without other living tissue |
| Bacteria Classifications | - shapes: coccus (round) spirillum (spiral), vibrio (comma), bacillus (rod) - cell-wall structures - ability to retain some chemical stains - ability to grow with (aerobic) or without (anaerobic) air |
| Antibiotics | medication that can kill bacteria - some bacteria have developed antibiotic resistance (ex. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant enterococci |
| Naming Convention | - first word: genus (biologic classification) - second word: species |
| Virus | - tiny microorganism requiring living tissue to survive and grow; parasites - attach to host cells; genetic material takes control of host cells, destroying them, infecting nearby cells - antiviral drugs, varying effectiveness (HIV, influenza, HPV) |
| Fungi | - grows on/in animals/plants; most don't cause disease - single-cell fungi are yeasts - multi-cell varieties are spore-producing - disease causing: athlete's foot and vaginal yeast (superficial infections) |
| Nonpathogens | - don't cause disease under normal circumstances; ex) bacterial in gastrointestinal tract (lactobacillus acidophilus) aids in digestion - probiotics are live microorganisms to help w/ digestion (some evidence |
| Pathogens | - harmful microorganisms by causing disease and infestations - people with low immunity are more at risk (cancer patients undergoing therapy; people with AIDS) |
| Infectious Agents | pathogens that cause disease, infection, or infestation - antimicrobial medications can cure or resolve many of these infections - some pathogens (HIV, herpes, simplex) are difficult, impossible eradicate completely - transmission varies |
| Chain of Infection | - infectious agent...reservoir host...portal of exit...mode of transmission...portal of entry...susceptible host - effective infection control breaks the chain to prevent it from continuing - washing hands is the 1st step |
| Direct Transmission | via contact with infected person or body fluids and secretions |
| Indirect Transmission | only possible for pathogens that can survive outside of the reservoir host |
| Conditions for growth | - factors contribute with environmental playing a major role - pathogens multiply in moist, dark conditions; poor food handling increases risk of infection - insects that carry require specific environmental conditions (standing water + mosquitoes) |
Created by:
linju156
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