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CCMA CH 5
CCMA CH 5 REVIEW (Psychology)
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| psychology | study of mind and behavior |
| psychologist | a health care professional who conducts evaluations of behavior and practices individual, group, and family therapy |
| psychiatrist | a physician who assesses behavior, conducts and prescribes interventions, provides ongoing therapy, and can prescribe medications |
| growth | physical growth from infancy to adulthood |
| development | encompasses physiological, emotional, mental, social, interactive, spiritual, and physical or maturation changes |
| Erik Erikson: Stages of Psychosocial Development | eight stages of development that offer a guideline for identifying the psycho-social challenges patients face at different periods in their lives and the tasks they must master before successfully transitioning to the next stage of development |
| Trust vs. Mistrust Birth - 18 months (Success) | - developmental tasks for infants to form an attachment with and trust in their primary caregiver-and then generalize those bonds to others. - results in self-confidence and optimism that caregivers will meet the infants' basic needs. |
| Trust vs. Mistrust Birth - 18 months (Failure) | - non-achievement leads to suspiciousness and struggles with interpersonal relationships |
| Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt 2 - 3 yrs (Success) | - toddlers begin to develop and sense of independence, autonomy, and self-control - achievement results in self-control and voluntary delaying of gratification |
| Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt 2 - 3 yrs (Failure) | - non-achievement leads to anger with self, a lack of self-confidence, and no sense of pride in the ability to perform tasks |
| Initiative vs. Guilt 3 - 6 yrs (Success) | - looks for new experiences but will hesitate when adults reprimand or restrict them from trying new things - achievement results in assertiveness, dependability, creativity, and personal achievement |
| Initiative vs. Guilt 3 - 6 yrs (Failure) | - non-achievement leads to feelings of inadequacy, defeat, guilt, and the belief that they deserve punishment |
| Industry vs. Inferiority 7 - 12 yrs (Success) | - need to receive recognition for accomplishments to reinforce and build self-confidence - achieving this task results in feelings of competence, self-satisfaction, trustworthiness, higher participation in activities at school, home, and the community |
| Industry vs. Inferiority 7 - 12 yrs (Failure) | - non-achievement leads to feelings of inadequacy and the inability to compromise or cooperate with others |
| Identity vs. Role Confusion 12 - 20 yrs (Success) | - tries to figure out where they fit in and what direction their life should take - achievement results in emotional stability, ability to form committed relationships, and sound decision-making |
| Identity vs. Role Confusion 12 - 20 yrs (Failure) | - non-achievement leads to a lack of personal goals and values, rebelliousness, self-consciousness, and a lack of self-confidence |
| Intimacy vs. Isolation 20 - 35 yrs | - achieving tasks of this stage result in ability for mutual self-respect and love, intimacy, and commitment to others and to a career |
| Intimacy vs. Isolation 20 - 35 yrs (Failure) | - non-achievement leads to social isolation and withdrawal - multiple job changes or lack of productivity and fulfillment in one job - inability to form long-term, intimate relationships |
| Generativity vs. Stagnation 35 - 65 yrs (Success) | - adults continue raising children and some become grandparents - results in professional and personal achievements and active participation in serving community and society |
| Generativity vs. Stagnation 35- 65 yrs (Failure) | - non-achievement occurs when development ceases which leads to self-preoccupation without the capacity to give and share with others |
| Ego Integrity vs. Despair 65+ yrs (Success) | - most adults retire; their children, if they have any, no longer live at home - achievement results in wisdom, self-acceptance, and sense of self-worth as life draws to a close |
| Ego Integrity vs. Despair 65+ yrs (Failure) | - non-achievement leads to dissatisfaction with one's life, helplessness to change, depression, anger, and the inability to accept that death will occur |
| Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs | theory based upon the idea that all individuals have needs ranging from basic to complex, usually represented as a triangle or pyramid, with each step becoming smaller going up |
| Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs: Physiological Needs | needs to sustain life - food, air, water, homeostasis, reproduction, rest, physical activity |
| Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs: Safety & Security | feels emotionally and physically safe in their environment - health, employment, property, family, and social ability |
| Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs: Love & Belonging | meaningful relationships and connections with others - friendship, family, intimacy, sense of connection |
| Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs: Self-Esteem | recognition of accomplishments from others - confidence, achievement, respect of others, need to be unique |
| Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs: Self-Actualization | attained personal growth and reached their full potential as a human being; able to help others - morality, spontaneity, creativity, acceptance, experience, purpose, meaning, and inner potential |
| Elisabeth Kubler-Ross' Theory: The 5 Stages of Grief | developed as a result of her extensive experience with dying patients - awareness of these as an MA is an important part of understanding what patients are experiencing; not everyone grieves in the same way |
| Denial | - cannot/will not believe that the loss is happening or has happened; might deny the existence of the illness + refuse to discuss therapeutic interventions - help patient without reinforcing the denial; may help to provide written info about the disease |
| Anger | - might aim feelings of hostility at others, including health care staff - may reflect with "why me?" - do not take anger personally but instead help them to understand |
| Bargaining | - makes attempts to avoid loss by making some sort of deal or look for alternative solutions - "Yes, me, but..." - encourage the patient to express their feelings |
| Depression | - the reality of the situation takes hold and the grieving person feels sad, lonely, helpless - might talk openly about it or might withdraw - "Yes, it's me." - convey support and understanding; refer to support group or counseling |
| Acceptance | - comes to term with loss and starts making plans to move on - formulate new goals, enjoy new relationships; make funeral arrangements - might still have some depression but also might have humor and friendly interaction - "Yes, it's me and I'm ready" |
| Psychological and Social Aspects related to Physical Disabilities: Wheelchair & Blindness (medical offices and facilities are legally required to have appropriate access for patients who use wheelchairs or other assistive devices) | - marked parking spaces, ramps, accessible bathrooms, sturdy rails, Braille signs/reading materials - no area rugs, metal/wooden sills (rubber is better) - reading materials are at a height that those in wheelchairs can reach - Service Animals |
| Hearing Loss | - online appointment scheduling is helpful - speak directly to the patient with clear speech - must require an interpreter if requested (federal law) |
| Developmental delays or other Mental or Psychological Challenges | - determine how they communicate and what level they can understand - remain calm if patient gets agitated or confused - avoid speaking louder or showing impatience - ask for clarification if you don't understand |
| Working with patients who have a chronic or terminal illness | - offer support and empathy, allow the patient to set the tone of the conversation "what would you like to talk about today?" - don't say that you understand how the patient feels - referrals to hospice, meal-delivery services and home health assistance |
| stressor | anything that causes anxiety or stress (environmental or psychological factors) - coming into a healthcare facility can cause stress and sometimes is reflected with an increase in blood pressure ("white coat" syndrome) |
| environmental stressors of life | air pollution, excessive sun exposure, overcrowding, language/cultural barriers, racial/ethnic discrimination, death, theft, vandalism, car crashes, physical assault, job/school problems, major disasters |
| socioeconomic stressors of life | - stress due to financial situations - seen in healthcare due to high costs, minimal health insurance, etc. |
| inadequate stress management: depression | - marked by sadness, hopelessness, little interest in life, indecisiveness, fatigue, social withdrawal, thoughts of self-harm, etc. - natural response to major loss/trauma - professional help to find better balance of positive and negative emotions |
| inadequate stress management: anxiety | - feelings of apprehension, dread, uneasiness, uncertainty due to real/perceived threat - normal response to stressful life events - restlessness, muscle tension, difficulty sleeping, loses focus, sweating, etc. ranging in severity |
| mental health screenings | - 5-minute "test" that providers use - Mini-Mental State Examination: orientation, attention, calculation, language - Physical evaluations with vital signs or other behavior |
| defense mechanisms: apathy | indifference; a lack of interest, feelings, concern, or emotion - ex) "I don't care what she puts in my evaluation, because I'm going to get a better job soon." |
| defense mechanisms: compensation | a method of balancing a failure or inadequacy with an accomplishment - ex) " I ate a lot of candy yesterday, but I also ate a big green salad" |
| defense mechanisms(?): conversion | transformation of an anxiety into a physical symptom that has no cause - ex) "I get a severe headache every time I see my ex with his new wife" |
| defense mechanisms: denial | avoidance of unpleasant or anxiety-provoking situations or ideas by rejecting them or ignoring their existence - ex) "I am healthy and fit. There is no way I have cancer, so I don't need all those tests" |
| defense mechanisms: displacement | the redirection of emotions away from its original subject or object onto another less threatening subject or object - ex) I had enough trouble handling that last patient. I don't need to deal with this malfunctioning copier right now" |
| defense mechanisms: dissociation | disconnection of emotional importance from ideas/events and compartmentalizing emotions in different parts of awareness - ex) "I'm always getting into fights with my neighbors, which is odd because I teach an online course in conflict resolution" |
| defense mechanisms: identification | the attribution of characteristics of someone else to oneself of the imitation of another - ex) "I could pass that certification test just like she did, and I haven't even studied the material" |
| defense mechanisms: intellectualization | analysis of a situation with facts and not emotions - ex) "He didn't break up with me because he didn't love me. He just had too much on his plate at work at the time" |
| defense mechanisms: introjection | adoption of the thoughts or feelings of others - ex) "My dad says I should stand up for myself, so I am going to be more assertive" |
| defense mechanisms: physical avoidance | keeping away from any person, place, or object that evokes memories of something unpleasant - ex) "I can't go to that hospital because that's where my father died" |
| defense mechanisms: projection | the transference of a person's unpleasant ideas and emotions onto someone or something else - ex) "She leaves more charts incomplete than I do, so why am I getting this warning?" |
| defense mechanisms: rationalization | an explanation that makes something negative or unacceptable seem justifiable or acceptable - ex) "My partner drinks every night to make himself less anxious about work" |
| defense mechanisms: reaction formation | belief and expression of the opposite of one's true feelings - ex) "I really hate being in the military, but I always sign some people up at recruitment events |
| defense mechanisms: regression | the reversion to an earlier, more childlike, developmental behavior - ex) "I can't do all that paperwork, and you can't make me" |
| defense mechanisms: sarcasm | the use of words that have the opposite meaning, especially to be funny, insulting, or irritating - ex) "You have a nice office if you like living in caves" |
| defense mechanisms: sublimation | rechanneling unacceptable urges or drives into something constructive or acceptable - ex) "When I was a kid, I used to like to pull wings and legs off of insects I'd catch. Now, I'm a biology teacher" |
| defense mechanisms: suppression | voluntary blocking of an unpleasant experience from one's awareness - ex) "The doctor said I need more tests, but I'm going to take my vacation first" |
| defense mechanisms: undoing | cancelling out an unacceptable behavior with a symbolic gesture - ex) "I had a big fight with my wife last night, but I'm going to buy her some flowers on my way home today" |
| defense mechanisms: verbal aggression | a verbal attack on a person without addressing the original intent of the conversation - ex) "Why would you ask me that when you can't even control your children?" |
Created by:
linju156
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