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Chapter 8 - Med Term
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Anal fistula | An abnormal, tube-like passageway that forms between the anus and the skin near the anus; is usually caused by an infection that develops into an abscess, which is a swollen, pus-filled area. Surgery is the most common treatment. |
| Anorexia nervosa | Condition involving self-deprivation of food and pathological weight loss. While primarily a psychiatric condition, it has profound effects on the digestive system. |
| Appendicitis | Inflammation of the appendix; caused by a blockage that results in infection |
| Bulimia | Gorging with food and then purging. Purging is most commonly induced by vomiting, excessive exercise, and/or use of laxatives. While primarily a psychiatric condition, it has profound effects on the digestive system. |
| Celiac disease | A malabsorption syndrome (condition of faulty absorption) characterized by weight loss and diarrhea; thought to be caused by foods containing gluten, a protein found in wheat |
| Cholecystitis | Inflammation of the gallbladder |
| Cholelithiasis | Abnormal condition of stones in the gallbladder |
| Cirrhosis | Scarring of the liver due to alcohol, drugs, or a virus such as hepatitis |
| Colon cancer | Malignant tumor of glandular tissues (adenocarcinoma) in the colon, the rectum, or both |
| Crohn's disease | A chronic disease that caused inflammation of the digestive tract |
| Dental caries | Tooth decay or cavity; an infection that destroys the enamel or dentin of the tooth |
| Enteritis | Inflammation of the intestines; characterized by diarrhea |
| Esophageal varices | Swollen, tortuous (twisted) veins in the distal portion of the esophagus or upper part of the stomach |
| Gastroenteritis | Inflammation of the stomach and intestines that is characterized by nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea; also called a "stomach bug" |
| Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) | Backward flow of stomach acids into the esophagus |
| Hepatitis | Inflammation of the liver; usually caused by viral infection |
| Hepatitis A | Acute form of hepatitis usually spread through food contaminated by the feces of a person infected with the virus |
| Hepatitis B | Chronic, potentially life-threatening form of hepatitis that is transmitted by blood or other bodily fluids, usually during sexual contact or during childbirth |
| Hepatitis C | Chronic hepatitis transmitted by blood or other bodily fluids, usually through blood transfusion or through the use of illegal drug needles; potentially life-threatening |
| Hernia | Protrusion of an organ or structure through the muscle that normally contains it |
| Hiatal hernia | Hernia in which the upper part of the stomach protrudes through the esophageal opening in the diaphragm |
| Inguinal hernia | Hernia in which a portion of the intestines protrudes through a weakened part of the lower abdominal wall or groin |
| Intestinal obstruction | Partial or complete stoppage of digested food in the intestinal tract |
| Ileus | Temporary stoppage of intestinal peristalsis, commonly seen 24 to 72 hours after abdominal surgery. The condition is marked by pain, vomiting, fever, abdominal distention, and absence of stool formation |
| Intestinal adhesions | Fibrous bands of tissue that abnormally bind the intestines together; may result from trauma or inflammation |
| Intussusception | The folding of one part of the intestine into the opening of an adjacent section. Typically seen in young children or infants |
| Strangulating obstruction | Condition in which blood flow to a segment of the intestines is blocked, potentially leading to necrosis (tissue death), gangrene, and perforation |
| Volvulus | Abnormal twisting of the intestine |
| Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) | A group of symptoms that includes diarrhea, bloating, cramping, and constipation associated with stress and tension |
| Pancreatitis | Inflammation of the pancreas |
| Peptic ulcer | A gastric or duodenal ulcer (open sore); usually caused by the Helicobacter pylori (H. Pylori) bacterium |
| Periodontal disease | Inflammation and degeneration of the gums, teeth, and surrounding bone |
| Peritonitis | Inflammation of the abdominal cavity caused by bacterial infection; occurs after rupture of an abdominal organ or trauma to the abdominal region |
| Ulcerative colitis | Chronic inflammation of the colon with ulcers |
| Anorexia | Lack of or no appetite |
| Ascites | Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen |
| Borborygmus | Movement of gas and/or fluid through the digestive tract, producing grumbling noises |
| Constipation | Difficult elimination of stools |
| Dehydration | A condition in which fluid loss exceeds fluid intake |
| Diarrhea | Abnormally frequent elimination of loose or watery stools |
| Dyspepsia | Painful or difficult digestion; indigestion |
| Dysphagia | Painful or difficult swallowing |
| Emesis | Vomiting |
| Eructation | Release of gas from the stomach through the mouth; belching |
| Flatus | Gas expelled through the anus |
| Halitosis | Bad breath; may be caused by dental, digestive, or respiratory disease |
| Hematemesis | Vomiting of blood |
| Hematochezia | Bright red blood (fresh) discharged from the anus |
| Jaundice | Yellow discoloration of the skin and other tissues due to high blood levels of bilirubin, a yellow substance in bile |
| Nausea | Unpleasant sensation in the stomach that causes an urge to vomit |
| Regurgitation | The return of swallowed food from the stomach |
| Ulcer | Open sore or lesion of the mucous lining in a gastric organ, such as the stomach or esophagus |
| Abdominal ultrasound | Method of using sound waves to generate an image of abdominal organs; often used to diagnose liver cysts, gallstones, tissue abscesses, and abdominal organ enlargement |
| Barium enema; lower gastrointestinal (LGI) series | Special X-ray of the large intestine, including the rectum, using barium as a contrast medium |
| Biopsy | The removal of a small piece of living tissue for microscopic examination |
| Excisional biopsy | Surgical removal of an entire lesion or tumor |
| Incisional biopsy | Incision (cut) into the tissue for removal of a small piece of living tissue for examination microscopically |
| Needle biopsy | Biopsy procedure in which a hollow needle is used to remove a core sample of tissue for micrscopic examination |
| Computerized tomography (CT), computed tomography (CT), computerized axial tomography (CAT) | Process in which radiographic images of a specific section of the body are taken from multiple angles. The images are then analyzed using a computer to identify muscular injury or disease. CT scans provide more detailed imagery than standard X-rays. |
| Endoscopy | Examination of body organs or cavities through the use of a scope |
| Capsule endoscopy | Visual examination in which a tiny, wireless camera is used to take pictures of the digestive tract |
| Colonoscopy | Visual examination of the colon (large intestine) using a scope |
| Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) | Visual examination of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum using a scope |
| Gastroscopy | Visual examination of the stomach using a scope |
| Laparoscopy | Minimally invasive visual examination of any internal organ by placing a small scope, called a laparoscope, through the abdominal wall |
| Proctoscopy | Visual examination of the rectum using a scope |
| Sigmoidoscopy | Visual examination of the sigmoid colon using a scope |
| Fluoroscopy | X-ray procedure that uses a fluoroscope to provide real-time moving images of the interior of the body; for example, to examine the swallowing mechanism |
| Laboratory (lab) test | Examination of body fluids or tissues from a patient to aid in diagnosing a health problem. While there are many different lab tests that a physician can order, the following labs are commonly ordered to help diagnose digestive conditions and diseases |
| Amylase | Blood test used to detect elevated levels of an enzyme common in pancreatic disorders |
| Complete blood count (CBC) | Routine test that involves counting the number of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets in the blood. The test is helpful in determining the presence of internal bleeding or infection |
| Liver profile | Blood test that measures the different enzymes involved in liver functions and the waste products that are produced as a result |
| Occult blood test | Test used to detect hidden blood in the feces |
| Serology test | Test that helps diagnose an infection by seeking a common antigen/antibody reaction through the use of a known antigen or antibody. Used to detect the Helicobacter pylori bacterium, hepatitis virus, and many other pathogenic sources of infection |
| Upper gastrointestinal (UGI) series | Series of X-rays taken of the stomach and duodenum after a patient has swallowed a barium contrast agent |
| Acid blocker | Group of drugs that block acid production in the stomach |
| Antibiotic | Drug that fights or prevents bacterial infections |
| Antiemetic | Drugs that prevents or relieves nausea and vomiting |
| Antiviral | Drug used to treat viral infections (for example, hepatitis) |
| Bariatric surgery | Term that encompasses the surgical treatments available for morbid obesity, including lap bands, gastric bypasses, and other similar procedures to reduce the size of the stomach or digestive tract |
| Diet therapy | A diet specially prescribed to treat a health condition through gradual elimination and/or integration of specific foods |
| Laxative | Drug that stimulates bowel movements |
| Surgery (general) | The suffixes that follow indicate the different types of surgery that can be performed on the digestive tract: -plasy, -ectomy, -stomy |
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