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Chapter 7 - Med Term
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Apnea | Temporary interruption of breathing |
| Bradypnea | Condition of slower-than-normal breathing |
| Cheyne-Stokes respiration | Unusual breathing pattern characterized by periods of apnea (between 10 and 60 seconds), followed by gradually increasing respirations |
| Dyspnea | Difficult or painful breathing |
| Eupnea | Condition of normal breathing |
| Hyperpnea | Condition of deeper-than-normal breathing |
| Hyperventilation | Condition in which breathing is faster and deeper than normal |
| Hypoventilation | Condition in which breathing is too slow and shallow |
| Orthopnea | Condition in which breathing becomes easier when the patient is sitting up straight |
| Rales | Abnormal crackling sound heard during auscultation of the lungs while the patient is breathing in; usually indicates the presence of fluid or mucus in the airway |
| Rhonchi | A coarse rattling or high-pitched snoring sound heard during auscultation of the lungs; usually indicates narrowing of the air passages, such as during asthma or a respiratory infection |
| Stridor | Harsh, high-pitched sound during respiration that indicated an airway obstruction |
| Tachypnea | Condition of faster-than-normal breathing |
| Aspiration | Drawing in of a foreign body, food, or fluid through the nose, throat, or lungs during inspiration |
| Asthma | Condition characterized by sudden, periodic attacks, of dyspnea accompanied by wheezing; caused by a spasm of the bronchial tubes or by swelling of the mucous membrane of the bronchi |
| Atelectasis | Collapsed or airless lung caused by any condition that prevents that alveoli from expanding normally to allow breathing and coughing |
| Bronchitis | Inflammation of the mucous membranes of the bronchial tubes |
| Bronchogenic carcinoma (lung cancer) | A malignant tumor that originates in the bronchi |
| Bronchospasm | Sudden, involuntary contractions in the bronchi |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) | Disease characterized by reduced ability of the lungs to perform their function of ventilation. |
| Common cold | Acute (short-term) inflammation of the respiratory mucous membranes; also called nasopharyngitis or rhinopharyngitis |
| Croup | Childhood disease characterized by a "barking" cough and high-pitched breathing |
| Cyanosis | Condition of bluish tint to the skin due to lack of oxygen circulation to the body tissues |
| Cystic fibrosis (CF) | Inherited disease that affects the respiratory system, pancreas, and sweat glands. Usually begins in infancy, characterized by chronic respiratory infection, pancreatic insufficiency, and heat tolerance. |
| Emphysema | Chronic pulmonary disease characterized by an abnormal increase in the size of the alveoli accompanied by loss of elasticity; results in shortness of breath and impaired heart function |
| Empyema | Pus in the pleural cavity; usually the result of a lung infection |
| Epiglottitis | Inflammation of the epiglottis |
| Hay fever (allergic rhinitis) | Allergic disease of the mucous membranes in the nose and the upper respiratory passages; caused by exposure to pollen from grass, weeds, flowers, and other allergenic substances |
| Hemothorax | Bloody fluid in the pleural cavity caused by the rupture of small blood vessels due to inflammation of the lungs. Hemothorax is common in pneumonia, tuberculosis, and malignant tumors. |
| Influenza | Acute, contagious viral infection of the respiratory tract characterized by sudden onset, fever, chills, headache, myalgia (muscle aches), cough, and sore throat |
| Laryngitis | Inflammation of the larynx (voice box) |
| Nasal polyp | Tumor with a stem or new growth in the nose or nasal cavity |
| Pharyngitis | Inflammation of the pharynx (throat) |
| Pleural effusion | The escape of fluid into the pleural cavity due to excessive fluid buildup in the pleural space. Common in conditions such as pneumonia, congestive heart failure, and disease of the liver or the kidney |
| Pneumonia | Inflammation of the lungs caused by a bacterium, virus, fungus, or chemical irritant |
| Pneumothorax | Collection of air or gas in the pleural space |
| Pulmonary embolism (PE)` | A traveling blood clot that becomes lodged in a lung |
| Sinusitis | Inflammation of the sinuses caused by a viral or bacterial infection |
| Sleep apnea | Periodic cessation (interruption or stoppage) of breathing during sleep |
| Sputum | Mucus coughed up from the respiratory tract |
| Strep throat | Infection of the throat caused by the Streptococcus bacterium; characterized by a red, painful, and purulent (containing pus) throat |
| Tonsillitis | Inflammation of the tonsils caused by a viral or bacterial infection |
| Tuberculosis (TB) | A serious communicable (contagious) disease caused by a bacterial infection of the lungs. The bacterial species is Mycobacterium tuberculosis. |
| Arterial blood gases (ABGs) | Test used to assess the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood |
| Auscultation | Process of listening for sounds in the body; especially useful for detecting abnormal sounds in the thoracic cavity. |
| Bronchoscopy | Visual examination inside the bronchi using a scope |
| Chest X-ray (CXR) | Radiographic image of the lungs and heart; often done with anterior, positerior, and lateral views |
| Oximetry | Use of a noninvasive device, called an oximeter, to measure blood oxygen level. The oximeter is placed on a patient's finger or earlobe. |
| Polysomnography (sleep apnea study) | Monitoring of a patient during sleep to aid in diagnosing apnea or other sleep disorders; sleep study |
| Pulmonary angiography | X-ray visualization of arteries and veins using a contrast agent (dye) injected into the patient's bloodstream. |
| Pulmonary function test (PFT) | A group of tests performed to measure airflow into and out of the lungs; lung volumes; and gas exchange between the lungs and the bloodstream. |
| Spirometry | Measurement of air capacity in the lungs using a device called a spirometer |
| Sputum culture and sensitivity | Test in which secretions from the lungs are placed in a growth medium, observed for bacterial reproduction, and then tested for antibiotic effectiveness |
| Sputum cytology | The microscopic examination of lung secretions for the presence of malignant (cancerous) cells. |
| Sweat test | Test that aids in the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis (CF) by measuring the amount of chloride (sodium) present in sweat. A chemical that causes sweating is placed on the arm or leg of a patient, and an electrode is placed over the spot. |
| Tuberculin (TB) skin test (Mantoux tuberculin test) | Injection of a tuberculin-purified protein derivative (PPD) under the skin to determine whether or not a person has been exposed to tuberculosis (TB) |
| Ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) scan | A nuclear medicine diagnostic procedure in which radioactive air is inhaled by the patient and the lungs are observed to determine whether or not they are filling with air. A radioactive dye is injected into the patient to trace blood flow. |
| Aerosol therapy | Inhaled medication, suspended in a mist and delivered by a nebulizer while the patient breathes; also available in metered-dose inhaler form. |
| Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) | Emergency lifesaving treatment given to someone whose breathing or heartbeat has stopped. A trained individual delivers chest compressions and rescue breathing in an effort to restore normal cardiac and pulmonary functions. |
| Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) | The use of a machine that delivers mild air pressure to keep the airways open; a common treatment for sleep apnea |
| Endotracheal (ET) intubation | Insertion of a breathing tube through the mouth and glottis and into the trachea to open and maintain a clear airway |
| Heimlich maneuver | Lifesaving technique in which an obstructed airway is cleared by exerting pressure on the diaphragm |
| Postural drainage | Treatment used to drain pulmonary secretions after a patient has been placed in a position that uses gravity to promote the drainage (that is, the head lower than the feet) |
| Supplemental oxygen therapy | Additional concentration of oxygen provided by an endotracheal (ET) tube, mask, or nasal cannulae (tubes) to increase blood oxygen levels |
| Thoracentesis | Surgical puncture into the chest wall to aspirate (draw out by means of suction) fluid from the pleural sac |
| Thoracic surgery | Branch of medicine dealing with operative procedures that are used to diagnose and treat conditions and diseases of the chest |
| Thoracostomy | Surgical creation of an opening in the chest to drain air of fluid; chest tube |
| Tracheostomy | Surgical creation of an opening in the trachea to allow a patient to breathe more easily |
| Ventilator | Machine that delivers artificial respiration for a patient who is unable to breathe effectively on his or her own |
| Antibiotic | Drug that fights or prevents bacterial infections |
| Antihistamine | Drug that blocks the effects of histamines, which are chemicals in the body that produce symptoms of allergic reactions |
| Antitussive | Drug that suppresses a cough |
| Beta-adrenergic agonist | Drug that dilates the bronchi |
| Bronchodilator | Drug that relaxes muscle spasms in the bronchial tubes |
| Decongestant | Drug that reduces congestion (nasal or chest "stuffiness") |
| Expectorant | Drug that produces thinner mucus |
| Glucocorticoid | Drug that suppresses inflammation |
| Mast cell Stabilizer | Drug that inhibits release of histamines, which are chemicals in the body that produce symptoms of allergic reactions. Cells are found in connective tissue and release substances in response to allergic an inflammatory reactions in the body |
| Mucolytic | Drug that loosens mucus |
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