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Chapter 6 - Med Term
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Aneurysm | Localized, balloon-like dilation of a blood vessel, usually an artery |
| Angina | Condition characterized by severe, constricting pain or pressure in the chest |
| Arrythmia | Irregular heartbeat |
| Bradycardia | Slow heart rate |
| Fibrillation | Rapid, spontaneous contractions of the muscle fibers in atria or ventricles |
| Flutter | Condition in which the atria beat more rapidly than the ventricles, causing a quivering movement |
| Premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) | Extra, abnormal heartbeats that disrupt the regular ventricular rhythm of the heart |
| Tachycardia | Fast heart rate |
| Arteriosclerosis | Condition of thickening, hardening, and loss of elasticity in the arterial walls |
| Atherosclerosis | Condition of plaque buildup in the arteries |
| Cardiac temponade | Pathological condition in which excess fluid accumulates in the pericardium |
| Cardiomyopathy | Condition of diseased heart muscle |
| Congestive heart failure (CHF) | Disease resulting from reduced blood flow from the heart; characterized by weakness, breathlessness, abdominal discomfort, and edema in the lower extremities |
| Coronary artery disease (CAD) | Narrowing of the coronary arteries, resulting in an insufficient blood supply to the heart |
| Cyanosis | Bluish or purplish discoloration of the skin, caused by decreased circulation of oxygen-rich blood |
| Embolus | Mass of solid, liquid, or gas that travels through the bloodstream, causing occlusion (obstruction) of a blood vessel |
| Endocarditis | Inflammation of the inner layer of the heart |
| Heart murmur | Abnormal sound heard during auscultation of the heart, such as a whooshing sound created by a valve not completely closing |
| Hypertension | Condition of higher-than-normal blood pressure |
| Hypotension | Condition of lower-than-normal blood pressure |
| Mitral valve prolaspse | Condition in which the mitral valve between the left atrium (left upper chamber) and the left ventricle (left lower chamber) doesn't close properly; may cause blood leakage back into the left atrium |
| Myocardial infarction (MI) | Tissue death in the heart muscle resulting from an occluded (obstructed) coronary artery; heart attack |
| Myocarditis | Inflammation of the myocardium (muscular layer of the heart) |
| Pericarditis | Inflammation of the pericardium (sac surrounding the heart) |
| Peripheral artery disease (PAD) | Disease in which narrowing of the arteries results in decreased blood flow to the extremities, causing intermittent calf pain, called claudication, during walking or exercise. |
| Shock | Clinical syndrome in which peripheral blood flow is insufficient to return blood to the heart for normal function. |
| Thromboplebitis | Inflammation of a vein caused by the formation of a thrombus (clot) |
| Thrombus | A blood clot that forms on the wall of a blood vessel and stays attached to the site in which it developed. |
| Varicose veins | Enlarged, twisted, superficial veins, most commonly seen in the lower extremities |
| Angiogram | A radiograph test that uses a contrast agent (dye) and a camera to take pictures of the blood flow in arteries or veins |
| Auscultation | Process of listening to the internal sounds of the body using a stethoscope |
| Blood pressure (BP) | The pressure exerted by the blood on the wall of an artery or veins. This is measured using a sphygmomanometer |
| Cardiac catheterization | Passage of a tiny plastic tube into the heart through a blood vessel, usually through the femoral artery in the leg; used to diagnose heart diseases or abnormalities |
| Doppler sonography, Doppler ultrasound | Procedure in which blood flow and blood pressure are measured using ultrasound technology (high-frequency sound waves). |
| Echocardiogram/multigated acquisition (MUGA) scan | A noninvasive diagnostic method that uses ultrasound to visualize internal cardiac structures |
| Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) | A record of the electrical activity of the heart |
| Holter monitor | A machine that continuously records cardiac rhythms; often worn for 24-48 hours to assist with diagnosing an arrhythmia condition |
| Nuclear ventriculography | Noninvasive procedure in which a radioactive substance called a tracer is injected into a patient to produce images of the left or right ventricle of the heart. The test is used to measure the volume of blood pumped by the ventricle(s). |
| Positron emission tomography (PET scan) | An imaging test that uses a radioactive substance called a tracer to look for disease or poor blood flow in the heart; helpful for diagnosing heart damage or scar tissue |
| Pulse | The rhythmic throbbing generated by contraction of the heart; detected over the major arteries of the body |
| Stress test | A procedure that tests how efficiently the heart pumps blood |
| Exercise stress test | Method of evaluating a patient's cardiovascular fitness during exercise, usually on a treadmill. Oxygen consumption and electrical activity of the heart are monitored |
| Nuclear thallium stress test | Procedure in which a radioactive substance is injected into a vein near the end of a stress test to aid in identifying the sizes of the heart chambers, how well the heart is pumping blood, and whether the heart has any damaged or dead tissue |
| Cardioversion | Procedure in which controlled electrical shocks are sent through the heart to restore normal cardiac rhythm in patient with arrhythmia |
| Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) | A shunt (passageway), established surgically, that allows blood to travel from the aorta to a branch of the coronary artery at a point beyond an obstruction |
| Defibrillation | Procedure used to stop atrial or ventricular fibrillation (an irregular and usually rapid heartbeat) by means of drugs or an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) surgically placed in the chest or abdomen |
| Endarterectomy | A surgical procedure in which plaque is removed from the lining of an artery |
| Heart transplantation | The grafting of a living heart to a patient, from a donor who was clinically brain-dead but on life support |
| Pacemaker | An electrical device that is implanted in the chest or abdomen to control abnormal cardiac rhythms through a series of electrical discharges |
| Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) | A minimally invasive procedure for opening up blocked coronary arteries, allowing blood to circulate unobstructed to the heart muscle |
| Angiotensin-converting (ACE) inhibitor | Medication that keeps the body from making angiotensin II, a hormone that causes blood vessels to constrict (narrow). These are used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure) |
| Antianginal | Medication used to prevent or alleviate angina (spasmodic chest pain) |
| Antiarrhythmic | An agent used to alleviate or prevent cardiac arrhythmia |
| Anticoagulant | An agent used to prevent the formation of blood clots |
| Antihypertensive | Medication used to counteract high blood pressure |
| Beta blocker | A drug used to treat angina, hypertension, and heart rhythm disorders, as well as migraines, panic attacks, and tremors |
| Calcium channel blocker | A drug used to dilate (widen) arteries and reduce blood pressure, making it easier for the heart to pump blood |
| Diuretic | Medication that helps reduce excess water in the body |
| Hypolipidemic | Medication used to reduce lipid concentration in the blood serum (blood plasma without clotting factors) |
| Thrombolytic | Medications that help dissolve blood clots |
| Vasoconstrictor | An agent that constricts (narrows) blood vessels, increasing blood pressure |
| Vasodilator | An agent that stimulate dilation (dilation or widening) of blood vessels |
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