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Chapter 5 - Med Term
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Anemia | Disorder involving a deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin |
| Aplastic anemia | Disorder in which the bone marrow does not produce enough red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets |
| Hemolytic anemia | Disorder marked by excessive destruction of RBCs |
| Iron-deficient anemia | Condition in which the body does not have enough red blood cells due to lack of iron, which is a mineral essential for hemoglobin production |
| Pernicious anemia | Disorder in which the body does not manufacture enough RBCs due to a vitamin B12 deficiency |
| sickle-cell anemia | Genetic disease in which the body manufactures red blood cells that are shaped like a sickle, or crescent, rather than the normal disk shape. These shaped RBCs disrupt blood flow in the blood vessels |
| Thalassemia (Cooley's anemia) | Genetic disorder in which the body produces less hemoglobin than normal |
| Hemophilia | Rare genetic disorder in which the blood fails to clot normally due to the absence of a clotting protein in the blood. The result is longer bleeding time during injury or trauma |
| Leukemia | Cancer of the blood-forming tissue of the bone marrow; causes an excessive increase in WBCs |
| Multiple myeloma | Cancer of the blood in which plasma cells grow uncontrollably in the bone marrow |
| Polycythemia | Bone marrow disorder that causes excessive production of RBCs |
| Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) | Suppression of the immune response caused by exposure to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which destroys the body's infection-fighting T cells |
| Allergy | A hypersensitive (exaggerated) reaction by the body to an allergen (a harmless substance that is labeled by the immune system as dangerous). Examples include allergies to pollen, dust, animal dander, certain medicines, and certain foods |
| Autoimmune disease | Disease in which the immune system attacks the cells or tissues in one's own body. Example include Crohn's disease, type 1 diabetes, Graves' disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, psoriasis, and rheumatoid arthritis |
| Immunodeficiency disorder | Disorder in which one or more parts of the immune system are deficient or missing. As a result, the body fails to defend itself against pathogenic invasion |
| Lymphoma | Malignant cancer of the lymph nodes and lymphatic tissue |
| Hodgkin's lymphoma | Malignant cancer of the lymphatic tissue in the spleen, liver, bone marrow, and lymph nodes |
| Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma | A malignant cancer that starts in the lymphocytes; includes any type of lymphoma except Hodgkin's lymphoma. Examples include B-cell lymphoma and T-cell lymphoma |
| Mononucleosis (mono) | Acute, infectious illness, usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus, and marked by an increased number of atypical lymphocytes and monocytes. Symptoms include swollen lymph nodes and fever |
| Splenomegaly | Enlargement of the spleen often associated with the destruction of blood cells; results in anemia, leukopenia, or thrombocytopenia |
| Acute | An illness or injury characterized by rapid onset, severe symptoms, and short duration; may require medical care. Examples: acute lymphoma |
| Autoimmune | Abnormal condition in which the immune system produces antibodies against (attacks) its own tissues. Examples: rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and hypothyroidism |
| Chronic | An illness or injury characterized by long duration and slow progression |
| Congential | A condition that is present at birth and may be the result of either genetic or environmental factors. Example: Down syndrome |
| Convalescence | A period of gradual recovery after illness or injury |
| Debilitating | Having a weakening or fatiguing effect |
| Endemic | A disease that is ongoing and restricted to a certain population, group, or area of land. Example: Malria |
| Epidemic | A sudden, widespread outbreak of a disease within a population, group, or area of land |
| Genetic | Inherited; passed on from one's parents. Example: Hemophilia |
| Hypersensitivity | Condition in which the body reacts with an exaggerated immune response to an allergen; allergy |
| Iatrogenic | An infection or disease that arises as a complication of medical or surgical intervention. Radiation and chemotherapy commonly produce the effects of nausea, vomiting, hair loss, and anemia |
| Idiopathic | Having an unknown etiology (cause). |
| Immunological | Pertaining to an antigen-antibody reaction |
| Infectious | Capable of causing an infection |
| Inflammatory | Marked by inflammation (redness, heat, fever, and swelling) or caused by inflammation |
| Ischemic | A condition or disease caused by a temporary deficiency in blood flow to an organ or tissue |
| Metabolic | A disorder that interferes with normal metabolism, the chemical processes involved in converting food to energy and in sustaining life. Example: diabetes |
| Neoplastic | A new, abnormal growth that may be cancerous or noncancerous |
| Nosocomial | An infection, acquired in a hospital setting; not present upon admission. Example: Pneumonia |
| Nutritional | Relating to chemical process in the body that occur after ingesting (eating) food |
| Opportunistic | A pathogen that normally does not cause a disease unless the immune system is in a weakened state. Infections are caused by HIV |
| Terminal | A disease for which there are treatment but no cure; fatal |
| Apheresis | Separation of blood into its component parts using a special machine. Used to remove toxic substances or autoantibodies from the blood or to harvest (collect) blood cells. |
| Biopsy | The removal of a small piece of living tissue for microscopic examination to determine the presence of disease |
| Bone marrow biopsy | Biopsy procedure in which a needle is place into the bone marrow cavity, and a small amount of marrow is aspirated (removed with a suction device). |
| Excisional biopsy | Surgical removal of an entire lesion or tumor |
| Incisional biopsy | Biopsy procedure in which an incision (cut) is made into living tissue, and a small piece is removed for microscopic examination |
| Needle biopsy | Biopsy procedure in which a needle is used to remove a tissue sample for microscopic examination |
| Computerized tomography (CT) | Process in which radiographic images of a specific section of the body are taken from multiple angles. The images are then analyzed using a computer to identify injury or disease. |
| Laboratory (lab) test | Examination of body fluids or tissues from a patient to aid in diagnosing an illness, disease, or condition |
| Blood chemistry profile | A series of tests in which the individual chemical elements of the blood are analyzed |
| Coagulation test | Any of a variety of tests that measure the ability of a patient's blood to clot properly |
| Complete blood count (CBC) | A routine test in which the total number of red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets are determined. In addition to measuring the amount of hemoglobin carried by the RBCs, this test measure hematocrit. |
| Crossmatching | A procedure in which a sample of a donor's blood (generally blood cells) is mixed with a sample of a recipient's blood (typically plasma) to check for blood-type compatibility before a blood transfusion |
| Immunoelectrophoresis | A test that measures immunoglobulins (the antibodies IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM) in the blood based on differences in electrical charge and reactivity |
| Red blood cell morphology | A microscopic examination of RBCs on a stain-treated blood smear to determine the cells' size and shape. This test is used to diagnose or monitor conditions that affect the RBCs. |
| Serology test | Any of a variety of tests used to screen a person's blood for antigen-antibody reactions (signaling the presence of infection or disease) |
| Antibiotic | Drug that fights or prevents bacterial infections |
| Antibody therapy | The use of synthetic (laboratory-made) immunoglobulins, interferon (proteins that slow down or stop virus replication), or monoclonal antibodies (proteins that bind to pathogenic cells) to treat immunodeficiency diseases. |
| Antifungal | Drug that fights fungal infections, such as a yeast infection or athlete's foot |
| Antineoplastic | Drug that blocks the growth of a neoplasm (new tumor); a common form of cancer treatment |
| Antiviral | Drug used to treat viral infections, such as herpes |
| Biologic | Drug that works like parts of the immune system by disrupting the autoimmune response that occurs in certain diseases, such a rheumatoid arthritis. These are created from living organisms using molecular biology techniques |
| Blood transfusion | The transfer of blood, or blood components, from a donor to a recipient |
| Bone marrow transplant | The replacement of diseased bone-marrow cells in a patient with healthy bone-marrow cells from a donor |
| Corticosteroid | Hormone-like drug used as an anti-inflammatory and/or immunosuppressant |
| Cytotoxic drug | Drug that kills or damaged cells, preventing them from proliferating (multiplying); used as either an antineoplastic or an immunosuppressant (for example, in chemotherapy) |
| Immunosuppressant | A drug that prevents or reduces the body's normal reactions to invasion. Used to prevent the rejection of donor tissue or to suppress autoimmune disorders |
| Immunosuppression | Drug therapy that suppresses, or prevents, the immune system from responding to antigens |
| Immunotherapy | Treatment of a disease by enhancing (stimulating) or suppressing (inhibiting) the body's immune response. Example: "Allergy shots" |
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