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criminology
Copy of Quizlet
| criminology | |
|---|---|
| Interactional Theory (Thornberry) | The theory is a combination of the Social Control Theory and the Social Learning Theory in that it emphasizes a weak societal bond and learning that encourages deviant behavior. |
| Biological positivism | Theories that propose that crime is caused by inherited genetic or other biological causes. |
| Cheater theory | Theory that holds that males have a greater interest in mating and little interest in child rearing and use illegitimate means to maximize their offspring. |
| Durham decision | A group of theoretical approaches that look to the personality as the cause of criminal activity. |
| Rational choice theory | Criminals rationally choose both the crime and the target |
| Deterrence theory | Individuals choice is influenced by the fear of punishment |
| General Deterrence | Punishing criminals will deter potential criminals as they realize the punishment outweighs any potential gains |
| Probation | The most widely used sentence that allows a person to stay within the community while complying with court imposed conditions |
| Victimology | The study of victims and their patterns of victimization |
| Secondary Victimization | caused by insensitive questioning and by reporting inappropriate information about crime victims |
| Four definitional perspectives | Legal, Political, Sociological, Psychological |
| Legalistic perspective | human conduct in violation of the criminal laws of a state, federal government, or a local jurisdiction that has power to make law |
| Sociological perspective | antisocial act of a nature that its repression is thought necessary to the preservation of the existing system of society. Human relationships offenses first, violation of law second |
| Political perspective | built into the law by powerful groups and are then used to label selected undesirable forms of behavior as illegal Laws serve interest of the politically powerful |
| Psychological perspective | problem behavior, human activity that contravenes the criminal law and results in difficulties in living within a framework of generally acceptable social arrangements. Harmful or potentially harmful behaviors |
| social problems perspective | holds that crime is a manifestation of underlying social problems (poverty, discrimination, inequality of opportunity) |
| social responsibility | holds that people are fundamentally responsible for their own behavior, choosing crime over more law-abiding courses of action |
| social context of crime | every crime has a unique set of causes, consequences, and participants. Reactions may contribute to new social policy |
| secondary analysis | evaluation of existing data that was gathered for a different purpose |
| Classical school principles | Rationality, hedonism, punishment, human rights, and due process |
| Natural rights | rights that individuals retain in the face of the government action and interests |
| Two principles Positivist school was built on | Acceptance of social determinism (free will not determined by choice but by causative factors beyond the control of the person) Application of scientific techniques to the study of crime and criminology |
| Criminaloids | "occasional criminals," people enticed into crime by environmental influences |
| Food additives verses crime | Some food additives (MSG, dyes, artificial flavorings) may be linked to violence. Caffeine and sugar may trigger antisocial behavior. Vitamins, other nutrients may have behavioral impact |
| why does Environmental pollution affect violent behavior? Part 1 | Several studies have found a link between industrial and environmental pollution and violent behavior Correlation between juvenile crime and high environmental levels of lead and manganese |
| why does Environmental pollution affect violent behavior? Part 2 | Toxic pollutant may cause learning disabilities, an increase in aggressive behavior, loss of control over impulsive behavior. Exposure to the color pink may have a calming effect on people experiencing anger and agitation |
| why does Environmental pollution affect violent behavior? Part 3 | Prenatal exposure to marijuana, tobacco, alcohol may lead to higher rates of conduct disorders, delinquency, psychiatric problems |
| Routine Activities Theory | Lawrence Cohen and Felson Crime is likely to occur when these 3 elements are present: - Likely Offender- Suitable Target- Absence of a Capable Guardian; It is through _________ that offenders come into contact with suitable victims and targets |
| Social Control Theory (Hirschi) | Does not explain why people commit crime but why people do not commit crime. 4 Social bonds promote socialization and conformity:- Attachment (to Parents, School, Peers) - Commitment- Involvement- Belief |
| Positivism | A scientific or quantitative approach to criminology that searches for pathology, uses the scientific method, and suggest therapy. |
| Fraud | Acquiring another's property through deception or cheating |
| Embezzlement | taking or converting another's money or property with which they've been entrusted |
| Bait and switch | Advertising a product for sale at a certain price and changing either the price or make up of the product for sale |
| Restitution | The court ordered repayment of money to victims |
| Individual Level Theories | Theories that imply that crime is caused by an individuals circumstances. |
| Structural Level Theories | Theories that imply that people are passive, that social structure is imposed on them and that economic and social disenfranchisement are often fundamental causes of crime. |
| Classical School | Founded by Cesare Beccaria. Believes that people have free will, are rational beings, and are hedonistic. It believes that laws should treat everyone equally and should follow due process. |
| Positivist School (Founded by Cesare Lombroso) | Believes that criminality can be explained by using science. Criminals are born, not made and one could tell if an individual will become a criminal from birth. Criminality can be inherited. The State has the right to use this belief to control society. |
| Anomie (Durkheim) | Rapid changed causes normlessness, confusion about right and wrong. Transition from Mechanical Society to a Organic Society. |
| Moffits biosocial theory Part 1 | --Life course persisters (LCP): display constant patterns of misbehavior throughout life |
| Moffits biosocial theory Part 2 --Adolescence-limited offenders (AL): | led into offending by structural disadvantages --Maturity gap - desire for autonomy (age 12) prevented by societal limitations. ("your too young for that" ) Thus, childhood maltreatment is a "universal risk factor for anti social behavior |
| Policy Implications of Biological Theories | C. Ray Jeffrey's proposed biologically based crime prevention program Pre- and post-natal care Monitoring children through development Neurological examinations Biological research in prisons and treatment facilities |
| Four types of self control | -Impulse control -Control over the contents of the mind (suppression of unwanted thoughts) -Control over emotional and mood states -Control of performance |
| Self control deficiencies | Drug abuse School failure Alcoholism Unwanted pregnancy Money management Poor eating habits & obesity Cigarette smoking Delinquency and criminality |
| Michael Gottfredson and Travis Herschi General Theory of crime | A norm violation or crime that comes to the attention of significant others or social control agents, who apply a negative label that has long term consequences for the violators self identity and social interactions. |
| Differential Association Theory | people learn to commit crime from exposure and anti social definitions. |
| social reaction theory | Suggests that people become criminals when significant members of society label them as such |
| commitment to conformity | A strong personal investment in conventional institutions, individuals, and processes that prevents people from engaging in behavior that might jeopardize their reputation and achievements |
| extraordinary rendition | The practice of sending suspected terrorists to foreign prisons that permit torture in the interrogation of suspects |
| left realism | an approach that is left leaning but realistic in its appraisal of crime and its causes. crime is seen as class conflict in an advanced industrial society |
| preemptive deterrence | Efforts to prevent crime through community organization and youth involvement |
| reintegrative shaming | the concept that people can be reformed if they understand the harm they have caused and are brought back into the social mainstream |
| sentencing circle | a method of dispensing justice involving discussion between offenders, victims, and members of the community |
| propensity theory | stable unchanging feature, characteristic property or condition such as defective intelligence or impulsive personality, makes some people crime prone |
| trajectory theory | the view that there are multiple independent paths to a criminal career and that there are different types and classes of offenders |
| Strain Theory Part 1 conflict | Crime is a function of the conflict between the goals people have and the means they an use to obtain them legally. •Cause of anti-social behavior |
| Strain Theory Part 2 | •Assumption of individual is normal and in the social norm •A set of factors and motivations that puts the individual outside |
| Strain Theory Part 3 | •Merton's definition of Strain -A gap between expectation and payoff -Anomie is the consequence of strain •The lack of limits -2 payoffs •Extrinsic Payoff •Intrinsic Payoff |
| classical/ choice perspective | situational forces: Crime is a function of free will and personal choice. Punishment is a deterrent to crime. |
| Biological/psychological perspective | internal forces: Crime is a function of chemical, neurological, genetic, personality, intelligence, or mental trains. |
| Structural Perspective | ecological forces: Crime rates are a function of neighborhood conditions, cultural forces, and norm conflict. |
| Process perspective | Socialization forces: Crime is a function of upbringing, learning, and control. Peers, parents, and teachers influence behavior. |
| Conflict perspective | economic and political forces: Crime is a function of competition for limited resources and power. Class conflict produces crime. |
| Integrated perspective | Multiple forces: Biological, social-psychological, economic, and political forces may combine to produce crime. |
| Penology | Studying the correction and control of criminal behavior. |
| criminal behavior systems | determining the nature and cause of specific crime patterns: Studying violence, theft, organized, white collar and public order crimes. |
| Theory construction | predicting individual behavior: Understanding the cause of crime rates and trends. |
| broken windows theory | links disorder and incivility within a community to subsequent occurrences of serious crime |
| crime | an act, deemed socially harmful or dangerous, that is defined, prohibited and punished under criminal law. |
| conflict view | the belief that criminal behavior is defined by those in a position of power to protect and advance their own self-interest. |
| interactionist view | The belief that those with social power are able to impose their values on society as a whole, and these values then define criminal behavior. |
| code of Hammurabi | the firsts written legal code, developed in Babylonia about 1780 B.C. |
| Mosaic Code | The laws of the ancient Israelites, found in the Old Testament of the Judeo-Christian Bible |
| statutory crimes | those defined by legislative bodies in response to changing social conditions, public opinion, and custom |
| summary conviction offence | minor, punishable by a fine up to $5000, six months in jail or both. |
| indictable offence | serious, punishable with maximum prison terms raging from two years to life |
| hybrid offence | where the crown attorney decides whether to try the case as a more minor summary conviction offence, or a more serious indictable offence |
| aging out | refers to people committing less crime as the mature. |
| racial profiling | police-initiated action directed at a suspect or group of suspects based solely on race |
| cycle of violence | Victims of crime, especially childhood abuse, are more likely to commit crime themselves |
| social ecology | the study of the social and behavioral consequences of the interaction between humans and their environment |
| victim precipitation theory | the view that victims may initiate, either actively or passively, the confrontation that leads to their victimization |
| active precipitation | aggressive or provocative behavior of victims that results in their victimization |
| passive precipitation | personal or social characteristics of victims that make them "attractive" targets for criminals; such victims may unknowingly either threaten or encourage their attackers |
| lifestyle theories | the view that people become crime victims because of lifestyles that increase their exposure to criminal offenders |
| deviant place theory | the view that victimization is primarily a function of where people live |
| suitable targets | objects of crime (persons or property) that are attractive and readily available |
| capable guardians | effective deterrents of crime, such as police or watchful neighbors |
| motivated offenders | people willing and able to commit crimes |
| rational choice | the view that crime is a function of a decision making process in which the potential offender weighs the potential costs and benefits of an illegal act |
| choice theory | the school of thought holding that people choose to engage in delinquent and criminal behavior after weighing the consequences and benefits of their actions |
| classical criminology | (1) people have free will to choose criminal or conventional behaviors; (2) people choose to commit crime for reasons of greed or personal need; and (3) rime can be controlled only by the fear of criminal sanctions. |
| structuring crime | the decision to commit crime, regardless of its substance, is structured by (1) where it occurs, (2) the characteristics of the target, and (3) available means. |
| edgework | the excitement or exhilaration of successfully executing illegal activities in dangerous situations |
| seductions of crime | the situational inducements or immediate benefits that draw offenders into law violations |
| situational crime prevention (SCP) | a method of crime prevention that seeks to eliminate or reduce particular crimes in narrow settings |
| displacement | an effect of crime prevention efforts in which efforts to control crime in one area shift illegal activities to another |
| extinciton | the phenomenon in which a crime prevention effort has an immediate impact that the dissipates are criminals adjust to new conditions |
| diffusion of benefits | an effect that occurs when efforts to prevent one crime unintentionally prevent another, or when crime-control efforts in one local reduce crime in other target areas |
| discouragement | an effect that occurs when limiting access to one target reduces other types of crime as well |
| crackdown | the concentration of police resources on a particular problem area to eradicate or displace criminal activity |
| brutalization effect | the belief that capital punishment creates an atmosphere of brutality that enhances rather than deters the level of violence in society |
| informal sactions | disapproval, stigma, or anger directed toward an offender by significant others (parent, peers, neighbors, teacher), resulting in shame embarrassment, and loss of respect |
| incapacitation effect | the idea that keeping offenders in confinement will eliminate the risk of their committing further offences |
| Ch5 p. 97 | |
| trait theory | the view that criminality is a product of abnormal biological and/or psychological traits |
| subculture of violence | norms and customs that, in contrast to society's dominant value system, legitimize and expect the use of violence to resolve social conflicts |
| thrill killing | impulsive slaying of a stranger as an act of daring or recklessness. |
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