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HES 4503
Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a community? | group with common characteristics, can be defined by location, race, ethnicity, age, occupation, health status, interests, common groups and etc. |
| What is health? | balance, an equilibrium that an individual has established within and between themselves and their social and physical environment |
| What is absence of disease impairment, state that supports adequate coping with daily demands, dynamic and multidimensional? | health |
| What is community health? | health status of a defined group of people and the actions and conditions to promote, protect and preserve their health |
| What is public health? | promotes and protects the health of people and the communities where they live, learn, work, and play by working to ensure the conditions in which people can be healthy |
| What is population health? | the health outcomes of a group of individuals, including the distribution of such outcomes within the group |
| What is global health? | describes health problems, issues and concerns that transcend national boundaries, may be influenced by circumstances and are best addressed by cooperative actions and solutions |
| What are social determinants of health? | physical factors, community organization, individual behaviors, social and cultural factors |
| What is a built environment? | the design, construction, management and land use of human made surroundings as an interrelated whole, as well as their relationship to human activities over time |
| What are the physical factors that affect the health of a community? | geography, environment, community size, and industrial development |
| Geography | attitude, latitude, climate; warm humid temperatures with rain can cause parasitic and infectious diseases to thrive in (where you live) |
| Environment | population growth |
| Community size | the larger the community the greater is the range of health problems and the greater its number of health resources (both positive and negative impacts) |
| Industrial development | potential for both positive and negative effects, may bring with it environmental pollution and occupational injuries and illnesses but added resources for community health programs |
| What are the social and cultural factors that affect the health of a community? | beliefs, traditions, prejudices, economy, politics, religion, social norms, socioeconomic status |
| Who was John Snow? | investigated cholera, considered the modern father of epidemiology |
| What did John Snow discover? | Predated knowledge that microorganisms cause disease |
| What was revolutionary about how John Snow identified and solved a health problem? | Identified broad St. pump in London as source of cholera outbreak and removed handle to test out theory |
| What is healthy people 2020 and its goals? | increase # of Americans who are healthy at every stage of life, attain high-quality lives free of preventable disease, disability, injury & premature death. Achieve health equity & improve the health of all groups. Promote good health |
| What are some governmental health agencies at the international level? | World health organization (WHO) |
| At the federal level? | Deparment of health and human services |
| At the state level? | Health department of each state |
| At the local level? | Local Health departments |
| What is a quasi governmental agency? | some government ties, responsibilities and funding, operates independently (example: american red cross, national science foundation, national academy of sciences) |
| What is a non governmental agency? | often arise in response to unmet health need/gaps, funded by private donations or membership dues, operate free from government interference (example: partners in health, american cancer society, NGO) |
| What types of non governmental agencies are there? | voluntary, professional associations, philanthropic, service, religious, social organizations, corporate |
| What is the information, history, purpose and name of WHO? | Largest most widely recognized, six regional offices, funded by member nations, objective to attain highest possible level of health among all people, notable work is small pox |
| What are functions and responsibilities of united states health department of health and human services (DHHS)? | federal agency oversees human health & provision of essential human services for Americans especially for those who are least able to help themselves, 25% of federal budget, largest department in federal government |
| What are the functions and responsibilities of national institute of health (NIH)? | worlds foremost medical research center, to seek fundamental knowledge about the nature and behavior of living systems and apply that knowledge to enhance & lengthen life + reduce burden of illness & disabilities |
| What are the functions and responsibilities of Centers for diseases control and prevention (CDC)? | maintains records analyzes disease trends, publishes epidemiology records, supports state & local health depart. -serves as a national focus for developing and applying disease prevention and control, improve health of people in U.S. |
| What is epidemiology? | the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specific populations, and the application of this study to control health problems. |
| What are risk factors? | factor that increases the probability of disease, injury or death |
| What is outbreak? | small number of cases more than expected, common cause, localized to a specific area, ex: foodborne outbreak |
| What is epidemic? | an unexpectedly large number of cases of an illness, specific health related behavior, or other health related event in a particular population |
| What is pandemic? | an outbreak of disease over a wide geographical area such as a continent or multiple continents |
| What is endemic? | regularly occurring cases of illness, diseases, injury, health behavior, health related event, death in a specific population/community and the specificity is optional |
| What are cases? | amount of people who are sick |
| What is population at risk? | those in the population who are susceptible to a particular disease or condition |
| What is life expectancy? | the average number of years a person from a specific cohort is projected to live from a given point in time |
| What is years of potential life list? | the number of years lost when death occurs before the age of 65 or 75 |
| What is disability adjusted life years? | a measure for the burden of disease that takes into account premature death and loss of healthy life resulting from disability |
| What is vital statistics? | statistical summaries of vital records of major life events, such as births, deaths, marriages, divorces and infant deaths. |
| What is the role and function of epidemiologists? | contribute to our knowledge of how diseases begin and spread through populations, and how they can be prevented, controlled, and treated. |
| What are natality rates? | birth rates |
| What are morbidity rates? | sickness rates |
| What are mortality rates? | death rates |
| What is incidence? | number of new health related events or cases of a disease in a population exposed to that risk in a given time period divided by the total population at risk |
| What is prevalende? | the number of new and old cases of a disease in a population in a given period of time, divided by the total number in that population |
| What are crude rates? | a rate in which the denominator includes the total population |
| What are age adjusted rates? | a rate used to make comparisons across groups and overtime when groups differ in age structure |
| What is notifiable diseases? | diseases for which health officials request or require reporting for public health reasons |
| What is descriptive studies? | An epidemiological study that describes a disease with respect to person, place, and time. |
| What are analytic studies? | The purpose of analytic studies is to test hypotheses about relationships between health problems and possible risk factors, Two types: observational & experimental |
| What is a causative agent? | viral disease, chemical poisoning, physical injury, and etc |
| What are communicable diseases? | diseases for which biological agents or their products are the cause and that are transmissible from one individual to another Examples: common cold, mumps, measles, pertussis, cholera, AIDS, lyme disease, tuberculosis |
| What are non communicable diseases? | illnesses are those that cannot transmitted from one person to another examples: appendicitis, poisoning, injury, diabetes, coronary heart disease |
| What are acute diseases? | are in which diseases peak severity of symptoms occur and subsides within 3 months and recovery of those who survive is usually complete |
| What are chronic diseases? | diseases or conditions in which symptoms continue longer than 3 months and in some cases for the remainder of one’s life |
| What are the steps of chain of infection? | pathogen -> reservoir -> portal of exit -> transmission -> portal of entry -> establishment of infection in new host |
| What is an agent/pathogen? | the cause of the disease or health problem |
| What is a host? | a person or other living organism that affords subsistence or lodgment to a communicable agent under natural conditions |
| What is a case? | a person who is sick with a disease |
| What is a carrier? | a person or animal that harbors a specific communicable agent in the absence of discernible clinical disease and serves as a potential source of infection to others |
| What is a vector? | a living organism, usually an arthropod that can transmit a communicable agent to susceptible hosts |
| What is a vehicle? | an inanimate material or object that can serve as a source of infection |
| What is prevention? | the planning for and taking of action to forestall the onset of a disease or other health problem |
| What is intervention? | an activity or activities designed to create change in people |
| What is control? | containment of a disease include prevention and intervention |
| What is eradication? | the complete elimination or uprooting of a disease |
| What is etiology? | the cause of a disease |
| what is direct transmission? | implies the immediate transfer to the disease agent between the infected and the susceptible individuals by direct contact Example: AIDS, syphilis, gonorrhea |
| What is indirect transmission? | may be one of the three types – airborne, vehicle borne, or vector borne. Airborne transmission is the dissemination of microbial aerosols to a suitable portal of entry, usually respiratory tract. Examples include tuberculosis, influenza, histoplasmosis |
| What is primary prevention? | is to forestall the onset of illness or injury during the prepathogenesis period (before the disease process begins) ex: health education and promotion programs, safe housing projects, character building |
| What is secondary prevention? | is the early diagnosis and prompt treatment of disease before the disease becomes advanced and disability becomes severe. Ex: health screenings, detect its presence during early pathogenesis |
| What is tertiary prevention? | is to retain, re-educate and rehabilitate the patient who has already incurred a disability ex: therapy for a heart patient |
| What is active strategies? | individual behavior changes • Seatbelts, handwriting, condoms, immunizations, exercise |
| What is passive strategies? | does not require individual action • Water fluoridation, public smoking bans, vitamin fortifies foods |
| What is individual strategies? | slow disease progression and reduce complications among people who have the disease • Screen/testing, medical/dental checkups, early diagnosis & treatment |
| What is community focused strategies? | Communities: limit spread and reduce severity of harm • Infectious disease surveillance, early identification, treatment & quarantining, disinfection |
| What is modifiable risk? | include environmental and behavioral factors over which an individual has some control such as smoking, diet, lack of exercise, obesity etc |
| What is unmodifiable risk? | for coronary heart disease include one’s race, gender, personality type, age, and basic metabolic rate |
| What protective factors? | are “individual or environment characteristics, conditions, or behaviors that reduce the effects of stress of stressful life events |
| What is the ecological health model? | Individuals influence and are influenced by their families, social networks, the organizations in which they participate (workplaces, schools, religious organizations), the communities of which they are a part, and the society in which they live |
| What is community organizing? | a process by which community groups are helped to identify common problems or change targets, mobilize resources, and develop and implement strategies for reaching their collective goals |
| What is grass roots movements? | a process that begins with those who are affected by the problem//concern |
| what is community empowerment? | social action process for people to gain mastery over their lives and the lives of their communities |
| What is gatekeepers? | those who control both formally and informally the political climate of the community |
| What is coalition? | formal alliance of organizations that come together to work for a common goal |
| What is health education? | : as “any combination of planned learning experiences using evidence-based practices and or sound theories that provide the opportunity to acquire knowledge, attitudes and skills needed to adopt and maintain health behaviors” |
| what is health promotion? | “any planned combination of educational mechanisms that support actions and conditions of living conducive to the health of individuals, groups and communities” |
| What are the steps involved in community organizing? | Recognizing the issue -> gaining entry into the community -> organizing the people -> assessing the community -> determining the priorities and setting goals -> arriving at the solution and selecting intervention strategies -> implementing the plan |
| Continued steps of community organizing.. | Evaluating the outcomes of the plan of action -> maintaining the outcomes in the community -> looping back |
| What is pilot test? | a trial run of an intervention |
| What is best practices? | recommendations for interventions based on critical review of multiple research and evaluation studies that substantiate the efficacy of the intervention |
| What is needs assestment? | the process of identifying, analyzing, and prioritizing the needs of a priority population |
| what is dosage? | the number of program units delivered as part of the intervention |
| What are SMART objectives? | Those that are specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and time phased. |
| What is evidence? | the body of data that can be used to make decisions |
| What is evidence based practice? | systematically finding, appraising, and using evidence as the basis for decision making |
| What is primary data? | those that are collected specifically for use in this process |
| What is secondary data? | data that have already been collected for some other purpose such as health insurance claims records or behavioral risk factor surveillance system data |
| What are the benefits of evaluation? | Evaluation is important because it is used to improve the quality of programs and to measure their effectiveness |
| What is process evaluation? | done during the planning and implementing process to improve or refine the program |
| What summative evaluation? | begins with the development of goals and objectives and is conducted after implementation of the intervention to determine the programs effect on the priority population |
| What is outcome evaluation? | focuses on the end result of the program and is generally measured by improvements in morbidity, mortality or vital measures of symptoms, signs or physiological indicators |
| Ecological model/socioecological approach | Uses labels for the levels included intrapersonal, interpersonal, institutional, or organizational, community, and public policy More recently, two additional levels—physical environment and culture—have been added |
| What are the steps in program planning? | recognizing the issue -> gaining entry into community -> organizing the people -> assessing the community -> determining priorities & setting goals -> arriving at solution and intervention strategies -> implementing plan -> evaluating outcome of plan -> |
| what is spectrum of healthcare delivery? | the array of types of care from preventing to continuing or long-term care. It comprises four levels of care. |
| What is population based public health practice? | incorporates interventions aimed at disease prevention and health promotion, specific protection and case findings |
| What is medical practice? | those services usually provided by or under the supervision of a physician or other traditional health care provider |
| What is long term practice? | It is divided into 2 subcategories : restorative care and long term care |
| What is end of life practice? | final level of practice in health care delivery is end of life practice provided to individuals shortly before death |
| What is an independent provider? | health care professional with the education and legal authority to treat any health problem |
| What is a limited care provider? | health care providers who provide care for a specific part of the body, dentists, optometrists, podiatrists, audiologists and etc. |
| What consists of a nurse? | can either be licensed practical nurses or registered nurses • Licensed nurses practice under the supervision of physicians or registered nurses |
| What are non physician practitioners? | nurse practitioners, pediatric nurse practitioners and physician assistants |
| What are allied healthcare professionals? | responsible for highly technical services and procedures, include (1) laboratory technologists and technicians (2) therapeutic science practitioners (3) behavioral scientists (4) support services |
| What are public health professionals? | public health physicians, dentists, nurses and dieticians who work in public health clinics sponsored by federal, state, local and voluntary health agencies |
| What is inpatient health care facilities? | a patient who stays overnight such as a hospital |
| What are outpatient health care facilities? | refer to any facility in which the patient receives care and does not stay overnight |
| Characteristics of a private hospital? | owned as a business for the purpose of making a profit |
| Characteristics of a speciality hospital? | subset of private hospitals, stand-alone single specialty facilities not within the walls of a full-service hospital |
| Characteristics of a public hospital? | supported and managed by governmental jurisdictions and are usually found in larger cities, can be operated by agencies at all levels of government |
| Characteristics of a voluntary hospital? | nonprofit hospitals administered by not-for-profit corporations or religious, fraternal, and other charitable community organizations |
| Characteristics of a full service hospital? | general hospitals are those that offer care at all or most of the levels of care discussed earlier in the chapter, these are the most expensive hospitals to run and are usually found in metropolitan areas |
| Characteristics of a limited service hospital? | offer the specific services needed by the population served, such as emergency, maternity, general surgery, and so on, but they lack much of the sophisticated technology available at full-service hospitals |
| Characteristics of a teaching hospital? | as part of their mission have the responsibility to prepare new health care providers, these hospitals are typically aligned with medical schools, universities, and medical residency programs. While non-teaching is the opposite. |
| What is the triangle of major issues? | Kissicks equilateral triangle angles represents the equal priorities. Access is just as important as quality and cost containment and vice versa. However, an expansion of any one of the angles compromises one of both of the other two |
| What is medicare? | assists in the payment of medical bills for older adults and certain people with disabilities. |
| What is medicaid? | assists in the payment of medical bills for the poor |
| What is restorative care? | is the health care provided to patients after surgery or other successful treatment, during remission in cases of oncogenic diseases, includes follow up to secondary, tertiary, rehabilitative care, therapy and home care |
| What is long term care? | help people with chronic illnesses, disabilities or others that limit them physically or mentally need, may need intensive skilled nursing care or help with basic daily tasks, help maintain or improve an optimal level of functioning and quality life |
| What is hospice care? | cluster of special services for the dying which blends medical, spiritual, legal, financial, and family support. Most common criterion for admission of this level is terminally ill, a life expectancy of less than 6 months |
| What is allopathic? | independent provider whose remedies for illnesses produce effects different from those of the disease, use form of drugs or medication, referred to as Doctor of Medicine, usually analyze health history and do a physical examination |
| What is osteopathic? | independent health care provider whose remedies emphasize the interrelationships of the body’s systems in prevention, diagnosis, and treatment, Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine use more manipulation in treating health problems |
| What is nonallopathic? | independent providers who provide nontraditional forms of health care, include chiropractors, acupuncturists, neuropaths, herbalists, and etc. |
| What is CAM? and who uses it? | Complementary/integrative medicine (CAM) or a group of diverse medical and health care systems, practices, and products that are not presently considered to be a part of conventional medicine. nonallopathic providers. |
| Primary practice | clinical preventative services, “first-contact”, plays a role in regular or usual source of care for patients and families. Annual physical exam, most difficult for poor people to obtain |
| Secondary practice | specialists, specialized attention, or ongoing management for common and less frequently encountered medical conditions. Provided by a physician who has been referred by a primary care provider |
| Tertiary practice | Highly specialized and technologically sophisticated medical and surgical care for unusual and complex conditions, not performed by smaller hospitals, provided by specialty hospitals |
| Steps of program planning continued... | maintaining the outcomes in the community -> looping back |
Created by:
cindysaldivar
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