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CH 37
Common diseases and conditions
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) | immune system disease caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) |
| amputation | the removal of all or part of an extremity |
| amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) | a degenerative disease characterized by loss of the motor neurons with progressive weakness/ atrophy of muscles in hands/ forearms/ legs. spreading to involve most of body/ face |
| Lou Gehrig's Disease is also referred to as ________________ | amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) |
| aneurysm | localized dilation of the wall of an artery or heart chamber. common in aorta or peripheral vessels. popliteal artery common in older adults |
| angina pectoris | chest pain caused by ischemia; lack of blood supply to heat muscle, usually caused by obstruction/ spasm of coronary arteries (coronary artery disease) |
| angina pectoris is usually caused by ___________________ disease | coronary artery |
| arrhythmia | abnormal heart rhythm; hearts electrical system malfunctions. heart beats skipped or added. clients health not affected, can be serious sometimes. |
| arthritis | joint inflammation |
| arthroplasty | surgical replacement of a joint |
| asthma | respiratory disorder with recurring episodes of paroxysmal dyspnea caused by constriction of bronchi/ coughing/ thick bronchial secretions of mucous |
| athletes foot | highly contagious fungal skin infection that causes affected foot to peel/ burn/ itch/ turn red |
| benign | noncancerous |
| benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) | enlarged prostate gland; prostate surrounds urethra, as it enlarges partial blocks urethra causing problems with urination |
| a boil is also referred to as a ______________ | furuncle |
| cancer | group of diseases characterized by out of control cell division and growth which can occur in many body systems |
| cholecystitis | inflammation of gallbladder. stones obstruct flow of bile. symptoms inc: severe abd pain, nausea, vomiting, jaundice. Tx: surgery, low fat diet |
| chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) | persistent lung disorder that obstructs the airways |
| COPD refers to _______________ and ____________________ | chronic bronchitis, emphysema |
| cirrhosis | persistent liver disease characterized by normal liver cells being replaced by scar tissue. caused by alcohol/ Hep C virus. no cure. symptoms inc: weight loss, jaundice, enlarged liver, fatigue, fluid in abd |
| colitis | inflammation of the colon. symptoms inc: fever/ pain/ abd tenderness/ rectal bleeding/ ulceration. TX inc: antibiotics/ antiinflammatories/ less carbs/ surgery |
| congestive heart failure (CHF) | abnormal cond that occurs when the heart cant pump blood normally. blood backs up, causes abnormal amt of fluid in tissues |
| congestive heart failure is also referred to as ____________________ | heart failure |
| coronary artery disease (CAD) | cond of impaired cardiac pumping due to narrowed/ blocked arteries. coronary arteries are narrowed/ blocked by thickening/ narrowing artery walls (arthrosclerosis) |
| Crohn's disease | persistent inflammatory bowel disease of unknown origin, affecting the ilium, colon, or other GI part. affects all ages. cause unknown. |
| cyst | abnormal closed sac which may contain air, fluids, semi solid material |
| cystitis | a bladder infection |
| dermatitis | inflammation of skin caused by direct contact with irritant or allergy causing substance |
| diabetes | metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia and resulting from low levels of insulin or resistance to insulins effects at a cellular level |
| diverticular disease | cond of having small pouches in colon that bulge outward. common in older adults. each pouch called a diverticulum |
| eczema | persistent inflammatory cond of the skin that can include recurring rashes |
| epilepsy | group of neurological disorders characterized by recurrent episodes of convulsive seizures, sensory disturbances, abnormal behaviour, loss of consciousness, or some or all of these |
| fibromyalgia | cond associated with aching, stiffness, fatigue in muscles, ligaments and tendons. neck, shoulders, upper/ lower back, his, knees, legs, feet affected. fatigue/ sleep disturbances common |
| fracture | broken bone |
| furuncle | sin disorder caused by infection of hair follicle |
| gastro esophageal reflux disorder (GERD) | disorder of the digestive system that causes heartburn. unknown cause. stomach sphincter relaxes at inappropriate times allowing stomach acid into esophagus. "heartburn" felt. Tx inc: meds, semifowlers |
| gout | disease caused by accumulation of uric acid in cartilage of joint, esp in tendons |
| gout is also referred to as ______________________ | metabolic arthritis |
| heart attack is also referred to as ______________________ | myocardial infarction |
| hemiplegia | paralysis in one side of the body |
| hepatitis | inflammation of the liver that may be caused by bacterial/ viral/ parasitic infection, alcohol, toxin, transfusion of incompatible blood type |
| hives are also referred to as _______________________ | urticaria |
| Huntington's disease | inherited neurological disorder i. it destroys brain cells and causes uncontrolled movements, emotional disturbances and cognitive losses. |
| hyperthyroidism | cond caused by an over active thyroid gland |
| hypothyroidism | cond caused by an under active thyroid gland |
| impetigo | contagious skin disorder caused by bacteria |
| irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) | disorder of bowel characterized by abdominal pain and changes in bowel habits. 2 types: diarrhea/ constipation. causes unknown. |
| malignant | describes cond in the body that if untreated may be a threat to health. specifically it describes tumours that invade and destroy other cells or tissues |
| malignant is another word for _____________________ | cancerous |
| metastasis | spread of cancer to other parts of body |
| multiple sclerosis (MS) | persistent slowly progressive disease. body's immune system attacks the protective myelin sheath that surrounds nerve cells of the brain/ spinal cord (demyelination) resulting in damaged areas that are unable to transmit nerve impulses |
| myocardial infarction (MI) | death of heart tissue caused by lack of oxygen to heart |
| osteoarthritis (OA) | type of arthtis causes cartilage that occupies joint to wear away causing pain in and disfigurement to joints |
| osteomyelitis | inflammation/ infection of bone marrow, often caused by staphylococcus. can be a complication of bone fracture/ surgery. if not caught early difficult to cure with persistent pain |
| osteoporosis | bone disorder in which the bone becomes porous and brittle. spine, hips, wrists most affected. common in older adults/ postmenopausal females |
| paralysis | complete/ partial loss of ability to move a limb or muscle group |
| paraplegia | paralysis from waist down |
| Parkinson's disease | neurological disorder in which the cells in certain parts of brain are gradually destroyed; progressive with no cure. usually seen 50+ y.o |
| phlebitis | inflammation of a vein. usually in legs. caused by bacterial infection, chem irritant, trauma, lupos, genetic condition. appears red, warm, painful, burning, swollen. check CP for care |
| pneumonia | infection of lung tissue. alveoli in affected area fill w/ pus/ mucus so O and CO arent exchanged right causing lack of O in blood |
| psoriasis | persistent skin disorder that affects the skin and joints. commonly causes red scaly patches to appear on skin |
| pyelonephritis | inflammation of kidney and renal pelvis cuz bacterial infection |
| quadriplegia | paralysis of all four limbs/ trunk. |
| renal calculi | kidney stones |
| scabies | highly contagious skin condition caused by mites |
| scleroderma | progressive autoimmune disease that involves hardening of skin and connective tissue throughout body |
| seborrheic keratosis | noncancerous skin growth that is common in older adults |
| sexually transmitted disease (STI) | diseases that are spread through sexual contact |
| shingles | viral infection (chicken pox virus) causing painful rash of raised blisters which can appear anywhere but usually on side. |
| transient ischemic attack (TIA) | temp interruption of blood flow to brain, results in no brain injury but can lead to stroke so EMS stat |
| tumour | new growth of abnormal cells that could be malignant or benign |
| urinary tract infection (UTI) | infection in urinary system |
| urticaria | common skin cond characterized by raised itchy wheels. commonly caused by allergen from food, food additive, drugs |
| urticaria is also referred to as____________________ | hives |
| wheals | circular red spongy lesion that develops and changes over mins/ hrs. usually surrounded by a flare |
| flare | reddened area surrounding a wheal |
| PSWs have ______________ who will direct the care they give | supervisors |
| report signs of ___________________ to your supervisor immediately | urticaria |
| treatments of urticaria inc antihistamines, topical creams, itching relief creams t/f | t |
| when a client is experiencing urticaria it isn't important to record the substances they have been in contact with or foods ingested because your supervisor will do that t/f | f; it is important PSWs record clients food ingestion or potential irritating substances for future avoidance |
| hives usually disappear after a few _____________ after allergen was ingested | hours |
| contact dermatitis | can be caused by exposure to a material that the client has become allergic to |
| irritant dermatitis | can be caused by reaction to materials such as soaps, detergents and chemicals and usually resembles a burn |
| when a client develops ___________ your role is to follow the _______ and ___________ further exposure | dermatitis, care plan, prevent |
| eczema looks the same from person to person t/f | f; varies in looks from person to person |
| papular | solid elevation of the skin |
| vesicular | solid elevation of the skin containing fluid |
| eczema occurs only to children t/f | f; occurs at all ages but often first appears in infancy |
| the areas of the skin most prone to skin break down due to eczema are areas of high ___________ and creases of ____________________ | perspiration, elbows and knees |
| the main focus of eczema treatment is to stop ________________________ | scratching |
| the main treatment for eczema is to keep the skin as dry as possible t/f | f;the main eczema treatment is to apply lotions and creams to keep the skin as moist possible |
| eczema is an acute condition and usually clears up on its own without reoccurring t/f | f; persistent condition with no known cure to treat outbreaks |
| shingles is caused by the ___________________________virus, the same virus that causes chicken pox | herpes varicella zoster |
| the most common sites for shingles outbreaks are the _________, buttocks, or _________ | trunk, face |
| shingles blisters last a few days and then clear up t/f | f; last about 2 weeks |
| shingles affect the _______________ so pain may linger for weeks, months of years | nerve root |
| once a person is infected with shingles it never leaves the persons body but exists in a dormant (inactive)state t/f | t |
| ____________, _______________ or ________________ immune system can reactivate the shingles virus, usually travelling one of the nerve pathways | stress, illness, weakened |
| if the shingles virus causes a face break out and spreads to the eye it can lead to cornea tearing and cornea scarring t/f | t |
| shingles can spread through _______________ to people who have no acquired immunity to the herpes varucella zoster virus | skin contact |
| mites burrow under the skin to lay their eggs causing intense itchy skin rashes when a person develops ___________________ | scabies |
| scabies is transmitted through airborne droplets t/f | f; skin to skin contact |
| it takes about 4-6 days for symptoms to develop after the initial infestation of scabies t/f | f; 4-6 weeks, during that time the client has been contagious and potentially spreading the infestation |
| mites and burrows are difficult to see before the red papular eruptions form, leading to many misdiagnoses t/f | t |
| treatment for mites involves a topical application to kill the mites t/f | t |
| it is recommended after treatment has begun for scabies, you wash everything that has been in contact with the affected person with the last ______ days | 4 |
| psoriasis is caused by areas of excessive skin production that accumulate and become inflamed t/f | t |
| as kin deposits accumulate due to psoriasis the patches become ___________ in appearance | silvery-white |
| the cause of psoriasis is excessive alcohol and stress t/f | f; the cause is unknown and alcohol and stress are known to aggravate of psoriasis |
| treatment for psoriasis is standard and the same for clients t/f | f; there are numerous treatment and vary for each client |
| the most common sites for furuncles are ________, ________, _________, _________ and _______________ | back, underarms, shoulders, thighs, buttocks |
| when you find a boil on a client immediately try to drain it t/f | f; when a boil is ready to be drained a white or yellow point will appear in its middle |
| "bringing to a head" refers to the process of applying _________________________ to a boil, check the care plan | hot compresses |
| its important to use ____________________ when providing care for a boil | standard practices |
| as a PSW it is important to check with the __________ to be informed of nursing care required to drain a boil | supervisor |
| once a cyst is formed it will slowly leave the body on its own t/f | f; it needs removal by surgery or taking meds to dissolve the sac |
| impetigo is caused by the virus streptococcus or staphylococcus t/f | f; those are types of bacteria that cause impetigo; the contagious skin disorder |
| the bacteria that causes impetigo is spread by scratching a cut, touching a scratch that has become infected and touching another body part or by spreading the drainage from the crusted area through contact t/f | t |
| treatment of impetigo is a antibiotic ointment if its localised or oral antibiotic if its widespread t/f | t |
| impetigo is usually found on the hands and face of older adults t/f | f; on the hand and face of young children |
| use standard practices with clients who have developed impetigo as it is spread from skin to skin contact t/f | t |
| wash linens and dishes _____________ is your client is experiencing impetigo | separately |
| skin tag | small flap of flesh coloured skin that looks like a droplet or "tag" of skin |
| skin tags are painful and must be taken care of immediately t/f | f; usually painless unless they are in an area where getting them caught is frequent |
| skin tags are more common on children and men t/f | f; females and older adults |
| athletes foot is spread through indirect contact t/f | t; usually moist areas like shower mats or shared footwear |
| athletes foot can be treated by _____________ the foot thoroughly and using __________________ meds or in severe cases ______________ meds | |
| there are two main types of scleroderma; _______________ and __________________ | localized and generalized |
| localized schleroderma | less severe form, affects the skin, sometimes bones and muscle. lesions appear as hard, oval, white with purple ring around them or hard reddish scales |
| generalized schleroderma | affects skin and damaging internal organs, |
| there is no known cure for schleroderma t/f | t |
| treatment for schleroderma involves meds to soften skin and reduce inflammation t/f | t |
| treatment of organ damage due to schleroderma varies and depends on damage t/f | t |
| seborrheic keratosis usually appears as a singular growth on only the back t/f | f; growths may appear in groups or singular on many areas of skin |
| seborrheic keratosis may appear ______, _________ with grainy surface or be smooth and waxy | dark, multicoloured |
| seborrheic keratosis can not be mistaken for anything else because its so easy to diagnose t/f | f; often is mistaken for moles or skin cancer |
| skin cancer | malignant growth on skin that usually develops in epidermis so easily visible |
| the most common types of skin cancer are __________________ and _________________ | basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma |
| the two main types of skin cancer are unlikely to spread to other parts of the body t/f | t |
| the most dangerous type of skin cancer is _________________ | malignant melanoma |
| malignant melanoma is not fatal because skin cancer is easy to see and treat t/f | f; can be fatal if not caught very early |
| basal cell carcinoma accounts for ____% of all skin cancers, making it the most common | 90 |
| basal cell carcinoma can appear as a _________, ________, _______ bump, often on areas exposed to sun. it may appear as a crusted, bleeding sore that never heals | raised, smooth, pearly |
| squamous cell carcinoma starts in the __________ as a red, scaly, thickened patch on sun exposed skin, eventually penetrating the underlying tissue if not treated | epidermis |
| squamous cell carcinoma is easily treated if caught early but can metastasize if not t/f | t |
| the 8th most common type of skin cancer is Canada is _________________ | malignant melanoma |
| prevention methods for malignant melanoma inc avoiding _________________, using ______________ | overexposure of the sun, broad spectrum sunscreen |
| signs of melanoma mole traits inc more than one colour, asymmetrical, irregular border, greater than 6mm diameter, itchy, texture changes, oozing and bleeding t/f | t |
| the appearance of a new mole during infancy should be checked by a dr immediately t/f | f; during adulthood |
| the lesion may be removed by surgery, ______________ or cryotherapy if skin cancer is suspected | radiation therapy |
| when treating skin cancer its important to remove the ____________ and make sure the ___________ are free of cancer | lesion, margins |
| diseases of the musculo-skeletal system affect bones, joint, muscles and ability to move; usually caused by injury, ageing or disease t/f | t |
| what other tissue of the body are usually harmed when a bone suffers a fracture? | 1)muscle 2)blood vessels 3)nerves 4)tendons |
| fractures can be either __________ or _________ | open, closed |
| closed fracture | the bone is broken but skin is intact |
| a closed fracture is also referred to as a____________________ | simple fracture |
| open fracture | the broken bone has come through the skin |
| an open fracture is also referred to as a _______________________ | compound fracture |
| fractures are always caused by falls t/f | f; can be caused by falls, bones weakened by disease and osteoporosis |
| signs and symptoms of fractures inc: | 1) limb appears bent or out of position 2)pain 3)swelling 4)limited movement of limb/ loss of function 5)bruising/ colour change 6)bleeding (internal/ external) |
| reduction | bringing the ends of a bone that has been fractured into normal position to aid heal; after the bone is immobilized with a cast or traction |
| closed reduction | moving bone into place without opening the skin |
| open reduction | involves surgery to expose the bone and bring it back into alignment. nails, rods, pins, screws, plates or wires are sometimes used to keep the bone in place |
| the ______________ and _________________ of the fracture will determine the the of immobilization used | location, seriousness |
| what is the goal in managing fractures? | to ensure that the affected limg segments will achieve maximal possible function after it has healed |
| casts that stay in place during the duration of the healing process are made of _______, _________ or _____________ | plaster, fibre glass, plastic |
| casts that can be removed are made of _______________________and can be inflatable to compress the fracture/ injury | plastic |
| fibre glass casts dry in ______ to _______ mins | 20, 30 |
| a plaster cast dries in _______ to _______ hrs | 24, 48 |
| a client c/o increasing pain, numbness or tingling in a casted limb should be reported immediately to a supervisor t/f | t |
| its important to keep the cast covered when it is drying to protect it t/f | f; do not cover the cast as it generates heat, try to keep it cool while it dries |
| check the care plan if a casted limb should be ______________ | elevated |
| benefits of a removable plastic cast are? | 1)aids in proper hygiene 2)removed for physio 3)helps maintain muscle mass 4)decreases healing time |
| skin traction | temporary measure before a surgical repair to help prevent displacement between fractured bones. position in slight trendelenburg. no more than 10% of clients body weight is recommended for traction weights. if greater weight is used risk of skin tearing |
| skeletal traction | most common for femur fracture. surgical pin placed through bone farthest from fracture with weights attached |
| two signs of hip fractures are? | shortening of the leg and outward rotation of the leg |
| hip fractures are more common in _________________ and are a serious concern because they heal _________________ | older women, slower |
| fractured hips are fixed in position with a pin, nail, plate screw or artificial hip joint t/f | t |
| when caring for a client with a hip fracture keep the operated leg adducted at all times t/f | f; you must keep the leg abducted (away from from the median plane) whether the client is supine, bring turned or side lying |
| when caring for a client with a hip fracture do ROM on all limbs to promote healing and help with rehab t/f | f; do not do ROM on the injured leg |
| place client with hip fracture in a straight backed chair with arm rests with a high firm seat t/f | t |
| position the chair on the clients unaffected side if they have a hip fracture t/f | t |
| do let clients with hip fractures stand on affected leg unless Dr says its ok t/f | t |
| support and elevate a clients leg with a hip fracture as directed, when client is in a chair t/f | t |
| do not allow client with a hip fracture to cross legs while seated or laying down t/f | t |
| if osteomyelitis is not caught early: | 1)difficult to treat 2)persistent pain 3)loss function 4)constant drainage 5)death |
| osteomyelitis occurs more often in females t/f | f; more often in men |
| an artificial hip joint can be dislocated by: | 1)adduction 2)internal rotation 3)bending leg at hip joint by greater than 90' |
| movements to be avoided for 6- 8 weeks after getting an artificial hip inc: | 1)lying on affected side 2)sitting in low seats 3)legs crossed sitting 4)bending at waist 5)putting on foot wear |
| ___________________ are hired to help people with recent artificial hip joint learn self care | occupational therapist |
| signs of osteomyelitis to report immediately inc: | 1)acute localized pain 2)redness 3)fever 4)malaise |
| treatment for osteomyelitis may inc: | 1)surgery to drain area 2)antibiotics |
| traumatic amputation | occurs by accident |
| surgical amputation | performed when extremity has been so severely damaged in an accident that it has to be removed when amputation is necessary to treat or prevent disease |
| gangrene | condition in which tissue death occurs, is caused by infection, forstbite, burns, injuries, circulatory disorders; all prevent blood flow from carrying oxygen, nutrients. |
| most common type of amputation is complications with ________________ | diabetes |
| the skin at the prostheses site needs ____________ care | daily |
| notify your supervisor stat if clients complains of _________ at prostheses site | pain |
| report any redness, swelling, drainage at ________________ site | prostheses |
| do not handle prostheses unless directed by ________________, they are valuable. must be washed daily. | care plan |
| after menopause, the lack of estrogen may result in bone changes, as well as calcium lacking in diet may cause ________________________ | osteoporosis |
| risk factors for osteoporosis inc: | 1)high alcohol intake 2)lack of exercise 3)prolonged bed rest 4)immobility |
| signs of osteoporosis inc: | 1)back pain 2)stooped posture 3)gradual loss of height 4)fractures occurring easily |
| there is a cure for osteoporosis t/f | f; no cure, prevention is key |
| medications prescribed for osteoporosis may inc: | 1)estrogen 2)biphosphates 3)SERMs 4)Ca 5)vitamin D |
| prevention of osteoporosis includes doing weight bearing exercises t/f | t |
| clients with osteoporosis may wear __________ or ____________ or ____________ | back brace, corset, walking aids |
| inflammation | redness, swelling, heat and pain |
| arthritis occurs in all ages t/f | t |
| ankle, knee, hip, shoulder, wrist, finger and toe joints can be ______ and ______________ with an artificial joint | removed, replaced |
| two most common types of arthritis are ______________________ and _________________ | osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis |
| _________ and decreased ______________ occur in joints affected by arthritis | pain, mobility |
| _____________ and a _____________________ are the most common contributors of OA | obesity, sedentary lifestyle |
| OA tends to affect those over ________ and becomes more common with increasing _____________ | 40, age |
| OA affects ________ of adults | 13% |
| by age 75, about _________ of Canadians are affected by OA | 80% |
| OA usually affects the load bearing joints inc: | 1)hips 2)knees 3)ankles 4)spine 5)fingers 6)thumb |
| OA pain is usually less in the morning and increases throughout the day t/f | t |
| OA affected joints become stiff with lack of motion, cold and damp t/f | t |
| spurs | thickened, formed bone growths which change shape of bones and joint |
| heberdens nodes | type of spur that affects fingers |
| OA has no cure t/f | t |
| treatment for OA inc: | 1)Tylenol 2)special arthritis meds 3)heat/ cold application 4)if experiencing obesity; losing weight 5)cane/ walker for advanced stages |
| RA is a progressive, persistent disease that affects __ in 100 Canadians | 1 |
| RA occurs between _____ and _______, but can occur in all ages | 25, 50 |
| RA affects more males than females t/f | f; more females affected |
| RA affects connective tissue throughout body; immune system doesnt recognize the tissue and so attacks/ destroys, the heart, lungs, eyes, kidneys, skin , can be affected but joints are mainly affected t/f | t |
| RA usually occurs on both sides of the body, but not ___________ | always |
| RA pain is worse in _____________ and gradually decreases throughout day | morning |
| RA works from __________ joints to _____________ joints | smaller, larger |
| joints affected by RA are gradually replaced with _____________ and ________________ in joint can occur | scar tissue, deformities |
| RA remains localized to joints t/f | f; can spread to organs, fatigue and fever common |
| treatment goals for RA inc: | 1)maintain joint motion 2)control pain 3)prevent deformities 4)rest (8-10 hrs sleep, with morning/ afternoon rest) 5)BR needed if several joints affected w/ fever 6)ROM 7)walking aids/ splints 8)heat/ cold application 9)meds 10)arthroplasty |
| signs/ symptoms of gout inc: | 1)severe/ sudden pain 2)swelling 3)redness 4)warmth/ stiffness in joint 5)potential fever |
| treatment of gout inc: | 1)pain meds 2)anti inflammatory drugs 3)cold application |
| there are no specific tests to identify fibromyalgia t/f | t |
| there is no cure for fibromyalgia t/f | t |
| treatment for fibromyalgia inc: | 1)heat/ cold application 2)massage 3)stretching 4)ROM 5)meds for pain, relax muscles, promote sleep |
| nervous system communicates signals between brain and body, so _________________________ affect physical/ cognitive functioning | nervous system disorders |
| physical function | tasks such as moving, touching, seeing, hearing, controlling bladder/ bowel |
| cognitive function | tasks that controlled by the mind such as thinking, reasoning, understanding, remembering, learning, reading, problem solving |
| aura | warning of seizure before it starts |
| PSWs responsibility if a clients is having a seizure is to prevent _________________ | self harm |
| if your client is having a seizure: | 1)ease to floor 2)stay w/ client, call for assistance 2)move sharp objects away 3)pillow under head 4)move to side, if unable gently move head (never force anything) 5)after seizure put into recovery position |
| recovery position | three quarter prone |
| if a seizure lasts for longer than _________ mins or is followed with more, call EMS stat | 5 |
| never place anything in a clients mouth who is having a seizure t/f | t |
| after a client has a seizure document: | 1) duration 2)parts involved 3)mannerisms noted 4)behaviour after |
| a stroke is also referred to as ________________________ | cerebral vascular accident (CVA) |
| CVA is the _____________ leading cause of death in canada and leading cause of ____________________________ in adults | death, nervous system disabilities |
| stroke | sudden loss of brain function caused by interruption of blood flow often from thrombi or rupture of blood vessel in brain |
| risk of stroke in decreases with age, mostly affecting those 65 and older t/f | f; increases |
| males and more at risk of stroke then females t/f | t |
| risk factors for stroke inc: | 1)sex of person 2)High BP 3)smoking 4)heart disease 5)high blood cholesterol 6)diabetes 7)lack of exercise 8)high alcohol intake |
| warning sign for stroke inc: | 1)weakness 2)trouble speaking 3)vision problems 4)headache 5)dizziness |
| effects of stroke may inc: | 1)hemiplegia 2)one side weakness 3)facial control loss 4)emotion changes 5)dysphagia 6)aphasia 7)impaired memory 8)U problems 9)sight/ touch. movement/ thought changes |
| __________________ is a common after effect of illness or disability | depression |
| _____________________ is a common after effect in those suffering affects of stroke | depression |
| report any changes in mood or behaviour clients who have suffered strokes to supervisor t/f | t |
| _______________ begins immediately after a stroke and many clients regain/ improve lost functions | rehabilitation |
| therapies that may be required after a stroke after ordered by dr inc: | 1)speech therapy 2)physiotherapy 3)occupational therapy |
| a ______________ assessment may be ordered for a client who has experienced a stroke | swallowing |
| aneurysm can be caused by: | 1)artherosclerosis 2)hypertension 3)trauma 4)infection 5)congenital weakness in vessel wall |
| clients with aneurysm are _______________________ | asymptomatic |
| primary goal of treating clients with aneurysm is to prevent ____________ | rupture |
| acquired brain injury (ABI) | damage to brain tissue caused by disease, a medical condition, accident or violence. head is subjected to violent forces; brain bashes against skull resulting in bleeding/ bruising of brain tissue. brain damage can be permanent |
| most _____ are cause by _________ | ABIs, MVAs |
| common causes of ABIs inc: | 1)falls 2)sports/ recreational injury 3)acts of violence 4)work related accidents 5)nervous system injury 6)conditions during birth 7)near drowning 8)choking 9)suffocation 10)stroke |
| signs and symptoms of ABIs depend on ____________ and ____________ of injury | location, severity |
| some changes that may occur with ABIs inc: | 1)personality shifts 2)poor coordination 3)disorientation 4)headache 5)dizziness 6)fatigue 7)vision shifts 8)hearing shifts 9)sleep disturbances 10)cognitive challenges |
| signs and symptoms of Parkinsons inc: | 1)tremors (spreads one finger to arm, pill rolling movement) 2)stiff muscles 3)mask like expression (inability to blink/ smile, fixed stare) 4)slow movements 5)stooped posture/ impaired balance 6)dysphasia 7)constipation 8)bowel/ bladder issues |
| treatment for Parkinsons inc: | 1)meds specific to Parkinsons 2)exercise/ physio 3)regular rest periods 4)avoiding stress |
| Huntingtons usually appears between 20-60 years of age t/f | t |
| currently there is no cure or treatments to prevent/ control Huntingtons t/f | t |
| Canada has the highest rate of MS in the world t/f | t |
| symptoms of MS usually start between _________ and ___________, with ____________ being more affected then_____________ | 15,40, females, males |
| the onset of MS is gradual, symptoms vary greatly from client to client, clients can also have different symptoms are different times with conditions improving during periods of remission t/f | t |
| common symptoms of MS inc: 1)burred/ double vision blindness 2)extreme fatigue 3)loss of balance/ walking 4)muscle weakness/ stiffness 5)tingling/ numbness 6)heat sensitivity 7)speaking difficultly | 8)dysphasia 9)bladder/ bowel issues 10)impotence/ low labido 11)short term memory loss 12)difficulty concentrating 13)impaired judgement/ reasoning |
| there is no cure for _____ | MS |
| ________ usually occurs between 40-70 y.o | ALS |
| rate of progress of ALS differs for each client t/f | t |
| the first sign of ALS is usually trouble using ___________ and _____________ | hands, fingers |
| clients with _________ are alert and can think clearly throughout the progression of the diease | ALS |
| clients with ALS are eventually bedridden and placed in side lying position t/f | t |
| the most common cause of spinal cord injuries, most of which are permanent is _____________ | MVA |
| the higher up the spinal cord injury, the less loss of function t/f | f; greater loss of function |
| when caring to clients experiencing paralysis: | 1)use bed rails as/CP 2)call bell w/in reach 3)check water temp of bath/ food/ heat app 4)turn/ reposition every 2 hrs 5)maintain good alignment 6)prevent ulcers 7)bowel/ bladder training programs 8)emotional support 9)ADLs/ home management tasks |
| risk factors for hypertension inc: | 1)age 2)ethnicity 3)fam history 4)obesity 5)diabetes 6)stress 7)alcohol 8)smoking |
| hypertension | abnormally high BP; systolic= 140mm Hg+, diastolic =90mm Hg+ |
| for a diagnosis of hypertension two consecutive occasions of elevated measurements must occur t/f | t |
| causes of hypertension inc: | 1)narrowed blood vessels 2)underlying med issues (kidney disorders, head injuries, pregnancy complications, tumours) |
| signs and symptoms of hypertension inc: | 1)stroke 2)burst blood vessels in eyes, kidneys 3)organ damage 4)enlarged heart 5)headache 6)blurred vision 7)dizziness |
| complications of hypertension inc: | 1)stroke 2)heart attack 3)renal failure 4)blindness |
| treatment of hypertension inc: | 1)meds 2)quit smoking 3)exercise 4)rest 5)low sodium diet 6)weight loss |
| atherosclerosis | narrowing/ thickening of artery walls caused by build up of cholesterol/ fatty substances along inside of walls of arteries. blood flow to heart is slowed/ stopped |
| risk factors for CAD inc: | 1)hypertension 2)high BP 3)lifestyle factors (obesity, smoking, alcohol, stress, no exercise) 4)uncontrolled diabetes 5)age (older adults) 6)sex (m more than F) 7)family history |
| treatment of CAD inc: | 1)reducing risk factors 2)bypass surgery 3)angioplasty 4)vascular stenting |
| clients with __________ are at risk for a heart attack | angina |
| most common trigger of angina inc; | 1)physical exertion 2)emotional stress 3)extreme cold/ heat 4)heavy meals 5)alcohol 6)smoking |
| pain for angina: | 1)heavy/ tightness/ pressure 2)usually on left side 3)lasts 2-15 mins 4)may radiate 5)may be mistaken for GERD 6)SOB 7)nausea 8)sweating 9)dizziness 10)fatigue 11)palpatations |
| rest can alleviate ___________ | angina |
| treatment of angina inc: | 1)rest (3-15 mins) 2)nitroglycerine tablet/spray/ patch/ ointment |
| ____________ or ____________ obstructs blood flow through an artery and sudden cardiac death can occur as a result when a client is having an MI | athrosclerosis, thrombus |
| myocardial infarction is also referred to as ___________________, _______________, __________________, _____________ | heart attack, coronary, coronary thrombosis, coronary occlusion |
| common signs of an MI in females inc: | 1) unusual fatigue 2)sleep disturbances 3)SOB 4)indigestion 5)anxiety |
| CCU | coronary care unit |
| with ____________ heart failure, blood blocks the vein , fluid collects in body, pitted edema evident in feet/ ankles/ neck veins. liver engorges/ impairs function. digestive probs/ loss of appetite/ abd pain/ weight loss from congestion in abd | right sided |
| pitting edema | swelling due to excess fluid in tissues |
| with __________ heart failure, blood collects in lung tissue causing dyspnea/ increased sputum/ cough/ gurgling. client may feel suffocated. sleep disruption/ fatigue/ weakness in limbs common | left sided |
| treatment for CHF inc: | 1)meds that strengthen heart/ reduce fluids 2)sodium low diet 3)daily weight measurements 4)semi fowlers |
| PSWs may assist a client with CHF by: | 1)applying elastic stockings 2)maintaining BR 3)I&O measurements 4)daily weight measures 5)restricting fluids 6)assist transfers/ ambulation 7)ADLs 8)good alignment |
| _________ heart defects can cause CHF in kids | congenital |
| many older people develop CHF due to weakened heart muscle t/f | t |
| arrhythmias can cause dizziness, SOB, fainting or ___________ | death |
| treatment for arrhythmias inc: | 1)avoiding caffiene/ alcohol/ chocolate 2)meds for more severe cases 3)pacemakers |
| pacemaker | meducal device implanted in the clients body to regulate heart beat. monitor heart rates and give electric shock when needed. clients should avoid areas/ equipment w/ strong electrical/ magnetic fields |
| clients with pacemakers should talk to their dr about being around: | 1)cellphones/ MP3 players 2)high tension wires 3)metal detectors 4)industrial welders 5)electrical generators 6)some medical equipment (eg MRI) |
| thrombus | blood clot that forms in blood vessel, if occurs in lg blood vessel can decrease blood flow, if in sm will stop blood completely leading to death of tissue. can form cuz stroke, heart attack, decrease in blood clotting, inactivity |
| embolus | is a travelling thrombus or a part of it that may dislodge and travel through body until it lodges in another blood vessel |
| to avoid a thrombus encourage movement esp in ______________ | legs |
| paroxysmal dyspnea | intermittent spasms of SOB |
| common causes of asthma attacks inc: | 1)cold weather 2)humidity 3)smog 4)emotional stress 5)allergies 6)exercise |
| alveoli | tiny air sacs in lungs |
| ___________ and ______________ can cause pneumonia | bacteria, viruses |
| clients who are ___________ are at a greater risk of developing pneumonia | immobile |
| signs and symptoms of pneumonia inc: | 1)shaking 2)chills 3)severe chest pain 4)sputum 5)cough producing rust coloured/ greenish sputum 6)high temp 7)rapid R/ P 8)cyanosis 9)confusion |
| sputum is also referred to as__________________, _________________ | phlegm, mucus |
| when supporting a client with pneumonia follow ___________________. ________________________ may be ordered by dr to prevent spread | standard practices, transmission based practices |
| immunizations for __________ clients is now available for pneumonia | high risk |
| acute bronchitis | inflammation of the bronchi caused by bacteria/ viruses, can last weeks |
| bronchi | the lg airway passages entering the lungs; singular= bronchus |
| chronic bronchitis is also referred to as __________ | COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |
| when a client with acute bronchitis coughs up greenish sputum it indicates _________________, however labs must confirm. treatment involves antibiotics. report red sputum to supervisor stat | bacterial infection |
| signs and symptoms of acute bronchitis inc: | 1)fever 2)fatigue 3)SOB 4)chest pain |
| COPD is a __________________ disease, gradually worsening over time | progressive |
| there is no cure for ______________ | COPD |
| treatment for COPD inc: | 1)stop smoking 2)avoid second hand smoke 3)meds to open airways (MDIs) 4)breathing exercises 5)O therapy 6)fluid intake encouraged |
| chronic bronchitis | persistent inflammation of bronchi. lg amt of sputum produced and bronchial walls swell. can obstruct airways making breathing very difficult |
| emphysema | walls of alveoli are damaged/ become less elastic. when client breaths air gets trapped in alveoli slowly causing the barrel chest |
| treatments of empysema inc: | 1)antibiotics 2)pain meds 3)proper diet 4)fluid/ hydration 5)semi fowlers/ fowlers 6)O therapy |
| vomiting | act of expelling stomach contents through mouth, can signal illness/ injury that can be life threatening. if lg amts of blood vomited can lead to shock |
| vomitus | material vomited. can be inhaled and obstruct airways |
| follow these measures for client who has vomited: | 1)standard practice 2)client head to side 3)container under chin 4)remove vomitus 5)oral hygiene 6)elim odours 7)change clothing/ linens 8)observe vomitus (coffee grounds may = blood) 9)estimate amt 10)report to supervisor stat |
| gallbladder | pear shaped sac that stores bile |
| celiac disease | inborn metabolic disorder results in inability to tolerate gluten protein found in wheat/ oats/ barley/ etc. affects adult/ kids. symptoms inc: abd distention, vomiting, diarrhea( pale foul smelling), muscle wasting, extreme lethargy. Tx: avoid gluten |
| the end part of the small ______________ and the ________ intestine are the most commonly affected areas on the Gi tract in a person with chrons disease, although any part can be affected | intestine, large |
| symptoms of crohns disease inc; | 1)abd pain 2)diarrhea 3)weight loss 4)bowel obstructions |
| complications of chrons disease inc: | 1)skin rashes 2)arthritis 3)eye inflammation 4)mouth ulcers 5)anemia |
| treatment of chrons disease inc: | 1)antiinflammation meds 2)meds to prevent infection 3)between flare ups build up ability to cope |
| there is no _________ for chrons disease | cure |
| its is very important to record the colour and apprx volume of each BM and if there is blood when caring for a client with chrons disease t/f | t |
| divertuculare | turn inside out |
| diverticulosis | the condition of having pouches in your colon |
| diverticulitis | when feces enters the pouches of colon and become inflamed/ infected |
| symptoms of diverticulitis inc: | 1)abd pain/ tenderness LLQ 2)fever 3)nausea 4)vomiting 5)chills 6)cramping 7)constipation 8)bloating 9)frequent U 10)dysuria 11)constipation |
| Tx of diverticulitis inc: | 1) high fibre diet 2)antibiotics 3)surgery 4)colostomy 3) |
| the U system is _____________ meaning it has no microbes, but they can enter from cath, exams, poor perineal care, incomplete bladder emptying, low fluid intake | sterile |
| older males (cuz enlarged prostate) and females (cuz shorter urethra) are at a high risk of ____________ | UTI |
| signs and symptoms of UTI inc: | 1)U frequency/ urgency 2)oliguria 3)dysuria 4)pain/ burning while U 5)foul smelling U 6)hematuria 7)pyria 8)fever/ chills 9)pain in lower abd/ back 10)sudden confusion in older adults |
| Tx of UTI in: | 1)more fluids 2)antibiotics |
| signs and symptoms of renal calculi inc: | 1)severe cramping pain in back/ side just below ribs 2)pain in abd/ thigh/ urethra 3)nausea/ vomiting 4)fever/ chills 5)U frequency/ urgency 6)oliguria 7)dysuria 8)hematuria 9)foul smelling U |
| Tx of renal calculi inc: | 1)pain relief 2)increase fluids (2000-3000 q.d) 3)surgey 4)dietary changes |
| when caring for a client with renal calculi all the ___________ must be ___________ | U, strained |
| renal failure | occurs when kidneys do not function/ severely impaired. waste products are not removed from blood, body retains fluids creating puffy/ swollen face/ hands/ feet. hypertension/ CHF can result. acute or persistent |
| acute renal failure | occurs suddenly after severely decreased blood flow to kidneys cuz severe bleeding, MI, CHF, burns, infection, severe allergic reaction. usually temp, can reverse w/ Tx. death can occur |
| acute renal failure happens in stages, inc; | 1)oliguria (< 400mL q.d, lasts 2 wks) 2)diruresis (polyuria= 1000-5000 mL q.d) 3)recovery phase |
| diuresis | process of passing urine |
| the whole process of acute real failure can take _____________ to ____________, however some people do not recover and develop _______________ | 1 month, 1 year, chronic renal failure |
| Tx for acute renal failure inc: | 1)meds 2)restricted fluids 3)diet therapy |
| CP for acute renal failure may inc: | 1)measuring/ recording U q.h (cath clients with <30ml report stat) 2)I&O 3)restricting fluids 4)q.d weight 5)frequent oral hygiene 6)prevent infection 7)BR measures |
| chronic renal failure | kidneys cant meet bodys needs; nephrons are destroyed over yrs. hypertension/ diabetes/ infection/ tomour causes |
| signs and symptoms of chronic renal failure seen at 80-90% function loss inc: | 1)yellow/ dry/ itchy/ brittle skin 2)mouth inflammation 3)bruising/ bleeding 4)burning sensation in legs/ feet |
| when a persons suffers chronic renal failure only the kidneys are affected t/f | f; the whole body is affected |
| there is a cure for chronic renal failure t/f | f; no cure, but diet therapy, fluid restriction and meds can slow damage in early stages |
| dialysis | process of removing waste/ excess water from blood, specially trained nurses can perform. kidney transplant may be needed |
| BPH is very common in __________________, and does not cause cancer/ erectile dysfunction or affect ability to have kids | older people with prostate glands |
| if a client with BPH cannot urinate without extreme ________, the bladder may be blocked. contact supervisor stat | difficulty |
| BPH can cause U troubles such as: | 1)diff stopping/ starting U 2)frequent need to U 3)weak/ slow stream 4)feeling bladder isnt empty 5)U dribble 6)hemtauria |
| hormones | chemical messengers secreted from glands |
| insulin | hormone secreted from pancreas, needed for proper use of glucose. helps sugar from food enter cells, without it sugar builds up in blood. no sugar in cells= no function |
| type 1 diabetes | kids/ young adults affected. pancreas doesnt produce insulin leading to severe hyperglycemia. Tx: daily insulin injections. sugar levels tested 3-4 q.d |
| type 1 diabetes is also referred to as______________________ | insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) |
| type 2 diabetes | develops in adulthood but can affect kids; most common type. pancreas doesnt produce insulin or body does use effectively. obesity/ fam history/ 40+ risk factors. Tx: diet, exercise, oral meds, insulin. blood tested 1 q.d |
| type 2 diabetes is also referred to as ____________________________ | non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) |
| gestational diabetes | develops during pregnancy, disappears once birth. risk factor for developing type 2 |
| common signs/ symptoms of type 2 diabetes inc: | 1)thirst 2)frequent U 3)constant hunger 4)unusual weight loss 5)extreme fatigue 6)dry, itchy skin 7)blurred eyesight |
| complications from diabetes inc: | 1)blindness 2)kidney disease 3)nerve damage 4)sex dysfunction 5)circulatory probs 6)stroke 7)MI 8)slow wound healing 9)gangrene 10)amputation |
| there is no cure for diabetes t/f | t |
| Tx for diabetes inc: | 1)weight loss 2)prevent/ reduce long term complications 3)careful diet 4)exercise 5)reduce stress 6)regular foot/ nail care 7)reg blood sugar monitoring |
| clients with diabetes should have there feet inspected daily; any cuts, lesions, nonintact skin surface must be reported stat t/f | t |
| PSWs must record how much food a client with _________ eats, calories not consumed must be made up | diabetes |
| all the body processes are regulated by the _______________ so all functions speed up or slow down from too much or too little thyroid hormone when a client has hyper/ hypothyroidism | thyroid gland |
| symptoms of hyperthyroidism inc: | 1)weight loss 2)increased hunger 3)hyperactivity 4)palpitations 5)nausea 6)vomiting 7)irritability 8)depression 9)hyperactivity |
| Tx of hyperthyroidism inc: | 1)surgery 2)meds 3)radioactive iodine |
| signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism inc: | 1)weight gain 2)impaired memory 3)fatigue 4)sluggishness 5)irritability 6)constipation 7)slow heart rate |
| Tx of hypothyroidism inc: | 1)thyroid supplement |
| risk factors for cancer inc: | 1)fam history 2)smoking 3)alcohol abuse 4)high fat/ calorie, low fibre diet 5)radiation exposure 6)hormones 7)virus |
| goals for cancer Tx inc: | 1)cure 2)stop spreading 3)slow growth 4)relieve symptoms |
| Tx for cancer inc: | 1)surgery 2)radiation 3)chemo 4)stem cell transplant (esp bone marrow) |
| radiation therapy | destroys living cells, used to treat localized cancers. effects inc: discomfort, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, anorexia, diarrhea |
| chemotherapy | powerful drugs that kill cancer cells. orally/ Iv admin |
| stomatitis | inflammation of mouth |
| alopecia | hair loss |
| stem cell transplant | infusion of healthy stem cells into body. helps body make enough of white/ red cells and platlettes |
| stem cell transplant is also referred to as ______________________, __________________ | bone marrow transplantation, umbilical cord blood transplantation |
| autologous stem cell transplantation | cells used from clients own body |
| allogenic stem cell transplantation | stem cells from donor |
| care for clients with cancer may inc: | 1)pain relief/ control 2)rest/ exercise 3)fluids/ good nutrition 4)preventing skin breakdown 5)preventing BM issues 6)managing Tx effects |
| direct contact transmission | touching the infected person |
| indirect contact transmission | contact with contaminated objects |
| airborne transmission | contact with contaminated droplets in air |
| vehicle transmission | contact through contaminated source |
| vector transmission | contact via contaminated living creature |
| follow ____________________ when working with all clients as you can not tell if someone has a communicable disease | standard practices |
| hepatitis | inflammation of liver. symptoms inc: jaundice, anorexia, abd/ gastric pain, abnormal liver function, clay coloured BM, tea coloured U |
| hepatitis can be caused by: | 1)bacteria 2)virus 3)parasite |
| acute hapatitis | caused by viral infection; 1-2 month duration, no Tx available; provide nutrition, prevent transmission |
| chronic hepatitis | that lasts longer than 6 months causing cirrhosis leading to complete liver failure |
| Hep A | spread through feces/ oral route, |
| Hep B/ C | present in infected persons blood/ certain body fluids |
| HIV is not spread through saliva, tears, urine, sweat, sneezing, coughing or insects or casual contact t/f | t |
| warning signs that AIDS has developed inc: | 1)rapid weight loss 2)dry cough 3)fever/ night sweats 4)fatigue 5)swollen glands 6)diarrhea 7)pneumonia 8)blotches on skin 9)memory loss/ confusion/ dementia |
| influenza | (the flu) respiratory tract infection caused by virus; highly contagious, airborne/ indirect transmission. sudden onset; chills, loss of appetite, muscle aches, fever, tiredness, coldlike symptoms. 1-2 week recovery |
| at risk people for the flu inc: | 1)65+ 2)LTC residents 3)chronic disease already 4)living w/ high risk group |
| tuberculosis (TB) | persistent bacterial infection generally transmitted by inhalation/ ingestion of infected droplets, affects lungs but can inc more organ systems |
| TB is caused by ____________________ | myobacterium tuberculosis |
| Tb can reside in a person for many years without any __________________ | symptoms |
| early symptoms of TB inc: | 1)tiredness 2)loss of appetite 3)weight loss 4)fever 5)night sweats 6)coughing that slowly escalates |
| genital herpes | recurrent, painful fluid filled sores on/ near genitals. Tx: no cure/ meds ease discomfort. itching/ burning/ fever/ swollen glands |
| venereal warts for males | warts appear on penis/ anus/ genitalia. Tx: special ointment/ surgery |
| venereal warts for females | warts appear near vagina, cervix, labia Tx; special ointment/ surgery |
| gonorrhea | burning U, U frequency/ urgency/ discharge Tx; antibiotics |
| syphilis (primary) | appears 10-90 days after exposure, painless chancre on penis/ vagina/ genitalia, may be other places Tx; antibiotic meds |
| chancre | type of sore |
| syphilis (secondary) | appears 2 months after chancre, lasting up to 1 yr; rash, fatigue, low appetite, nausea, fever, bone/ joint pain, hair loss, lesions (lips/ genitals). Tx antibiotics |
| syphilis (tertiary) | appears 3-15 yrs after infection; damage cardio/ CN systems, blindness, dementia Tx antibiotics |
| in facilities clients with TB that use tissue must be disposed of in _______________________ | biohazard bags |
| clients with TB must flush _____________ down the toilet when in community care | tissues |
| autoimmune disorders | occur when the immune system attacks the bodys healthy cells, tissue, organs. can affect any part of body or more. can change how organs function/ grow abnormally |
| autoimmune disorders inc: | 1)MS 2)RA 3)scleroderma 4)type 1 diabetes 5)celiac disease 6)IBD |
| hashimoto's disease | antibodies react against proteins i thyroid gland causing destruction of gland. eventually stops producing hormone. fatigue, weakness, weight gain, cold sensitivity, muscle aches, stiffness, swelling, constipation common |
| Graves disease | antibodies to a receptor on thyroid cause overproduction of hormone leading to hyperthyroidism. anxiety, sleep issues, tachycardia, weight loss, sweating, muscle weakness, shaky hands, bulging eyes common |
| lupos | inflammatory disease damage joints/ skin/ kidneys/ heart/ lungs. butterfly rash across nose/ cheeks |
Created by:
Wil.Wilson
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