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Chapter 5-8

Theories

TermDefinition
Age of Enlightenment Introduced the concept of free will *Cesare Beccaria*
Rational Choice Theory Assumes people choose to commit crime after calculating whether its rewards outweigh its risks *Gary S. Becker*
Deterrence Theory One of the first pioneers on the concept of locking people up to deter them *Jeremy Bentham*
Absolute Deterrence The effect of having some legal punishment versus the effect of having no legal punishment
Marginal Deterrence The effect of increasing the severity, certainty, and/or swiftness of legal punishment
General Deterrence Members of public decide not to break the law because they fear punishment
Specific Deterrence Offenders already punished decide not to commit another crime
Objective Deterrence The impact of actual legal punishment
Subjective Deterrence The impact of people's perceptions of likelihood and severity of legal punishment
Routine Activities Theory Focuses on change in the supply of attractive targets and in the presence/absence of guardianship as key variables affecting changes in crime rates *Marcus Felson and Lawrence Cohen*
Anomie Theory Rules do not apply *Emile Durkheim*
Social Disorganization Theory Breakdown of norms and social bonds *___________*
Social Ecology Theory Crime is in a circle; inner part or city has a higher level of crime *Parks and Burgess*
Strain Theory Too much emphasis on economic success in US *Robert Merton*
Conformity Continue to accept goal and the means of working
Innovation Accept the goal, but reject means of working and undertake new means
Ritualism Reject goal, but continue accepting means of working
Retreatism Reject both the goal and the means
Rebellion Reject both goal and means, also try to bring about new society with different goals
General Strain Theory Broadens anomie's focus beyond economic goals and success *Robert Agnew*
Subcultural Theory Attributed failure to lower-class subculture itself *Walter B. Miller*
Differential Association Theory If you associate with bad people, you are going to learn bad things *Edwin H. Sutherland*
Differential Reinforcement Criminal behavior is more likely to be learned if reinforced *Burgess and Akers*
Containment Theory Inner and outer contaminants help prevent juvenile offending *Walter Reckless*
Neutralization Theory Need to neutralize guilt before committing crime *Gresham M. Sykes and David Matza*
Drift Theory drift in and out of delinquency *Gresham M. Sykes and David Matza*
Social Bonding Theory Bonds to conventional social institutions may keep us from committing crime *Travis Hirschi*
Self-Control Theory All crime stems from one problem --- lack of self-control *Michael Gottfredson and Travis Hirschi*
Life-Course Theory The older you get, the more mature you become, the more responsible you become *Terrie E. Miffit*
Age-Graded Theory The causal relationship between early delinquent offending and later adult deviant behavior is not solely a product of individual characteristics *Robert J. Sampson and John H. Laub*
Created by: mroczks745
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