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POA Chapter 5-8
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What a main source of the chemicals we use in our drugs? | Plants- used as a sourse of medicine. |
| What is the commercially available compound 'chemical name'? | It is the complete chemical description of the drug and is rarely used |
| What is the commercially available compound 'generic name'? | The official names of drugs; not the particular brand. |
| What is the commercially available compound 'brand name'? | This specifies the particular manufacturer of a drug; the trademark belongs to the manufacturer. |
| Name 5 categories of psychoactive drugs. | CNS Stimulants, CNS Depressants, Hallucinogens, Analgesics and Psycotheraputics. |
| Describe CNS Stimulants | They produce wakefulness and a sense of energy and we'll being, more powerful stimulants produce a manic state of excitement, paranoia, and hallucinations. Ex.) Cocaine |
| Describe Hallucinogens | They produce altered perceptions including unusual visual sensations and often changes in perception of the persons own body |
| Describe CNS Depressants. | Depress inhibitory parts of the brain, leading to relaxation, talkativeness that can lead to recklessness. Including slowed reaction times, uncoordinated movements and unconsciousness. |
| Describe Analgesic's. | (Pain relievers)they produce a dream like state, high doses induce sleep |
| Describe psychotherapeutic's. | Are prescribed to treat pychological disorders, when there is a chemical imbalance chemicals are prescribed to bring valence. |
| What is drug action? | Refers to the interaction of the drug with it's receptor. |
| What is 'drug effect'? | It is the resulting behavioural, cognitive and emotional changes that are produced following drug action. |
| What do psychoactive drugs effect? | For a drug to have an effect it has to be introduced to a living organism. They effect the brain which causes temporary changes in the thought processes, mood, and behavior. |
| What is the placebo effect? | It is when the individual unknowingly tricks their mind to believe something so much so that their mind reacts chemically as if it would naturally. |
| What are placebo drugs? | They are inactive chemicals that the user believe's to be a drug. It is used when treating pain and psychological depression. |
| How is the effectiveness of a drug determined? | Comparing it's effectiveness alongside studies with a placebo and see if it is more or less effective with the actual medication vs the placebo. |
| In the dose- response relationship, describe the right dose. | It determines the amount of how much of a drug causes a particular effect or side effect of the body. |
| In the dose- response relationship, describe the dose response curve. | Is the amount of drug administered; different symptoms and effects have different responce thesholds, response curve for the toxic effects of the same drug. |
| What is 'effective dose'? | The dose of a drug that produces a meaningful effect in the same % of test subjects, refers to the effective dose half the animal subject in a drug test. |
| What is 'Lethal dose'? | The dose of a drug that has a lethal effect in some % of test subjects, refers to the lethal dose of half the animal subject in a drug test. |
| What is 'Safety margin'? | Difference between the dose that produces the desired thereputic effect in most patients, lowest dose that produces and unacceptable toxic reaction, most drugs have a LD(dosage to kill 1% of population) well above ED95 |
| Define potency | It is measured by the amount of drug is required to produce an effect. The smaller the dose to get a particular effect the more potent the drug. It does not relate to how effective a drug is or large an effect the drug can produce |
| What is pharmacokinetics? | How drugs move through the body and includes drug absorption, drug distribution, drug metabolism and drug excretion. |
| Describe the relationship between enteral administration of a drug and it's effect over time. | Enteral Administration includes orally (the most complicated way for the drug to enter the bloodstream) taking the drug or using a suppository, rectal/vaginal ( because they are mucous membranes the drugs are absorbed directly into the bloodstream |
| Describe the relationship between intravenous administration of a drug and it's effect over time. | The drug is put directly into the bloodstream so it has a rapid onset of action. |
| Describe the relationship between subcutaneous administration of a drug and it's effect over time. | Injected under the skin, has a slower onset of action and may cause irratation to the skin. |
| Describe the relationship between intermuscular administration of a drug and it's effect over time. | Injected into the muscles which have a higher blood supply so it has a quicker onset of action then subcutaneous injections. |
| Describe the relationship between topical administration of a drug and it's effect over time. | It is when the drug is applied directly where it is needed. Topical application on the skin has a slow absorbsion rate. |
| Describe the relationship between inhalation administration of a drug and it's effect over time. | For psychoactive drugs, it can produce more rapid effect then intravenous administration. |
| How does the drug get to the brain? | Must be lipid soluble to pass through the blood brain barriar |
| What is controlled release? | A dosage form for drugs that are released or are activated over time. |
| Describe 'cumulative effects. | The effects of giving multiple doses of the same drug. |
| What is drug efficacy? | A drugs ability to produce a desired behavioural effect. |
| What are the effect of drugs on neurons? Neurotransmitters? | Chemicals that have an effect on all neurons must do it by influencin some characteris tics common to all neurons. |
| Before a drug can cease to have an effect one of two things must happen... | 1. Must be excreted unchanged through urine 2. Must be chemically changed so it no longer has the same effect on the body. |
| What is pharmacodynamics? | Includes drug action and drug effect. |
| How did coco leaves (cocaine plants) get distributed around the world? | In 1700's Spanish people began trading coca leaves around the world. |
| Where has the use of coco leaves been traced back to? | 5000 BCE, the Inca Empire in Peru |
| What was cocaine used for in the early 1900's? | As an anesthetic for dental and eye surgery, and is still used in medicine practice today for nasal, laryngeal and esophageal surgery regions. |
| What occurred when they attempted to use cocaine for psychiatric purposes? | Sigmund Froyd used it to treat depression and morphine dependence, but was found uneffecive. |
| What are the legal control's on cocaine? | Unlawful possession is $1000 fine or imprisonment for 6 months or both for a first offence. Penalties are greater for possession of larger amounts or subsequent offences. Trafficking can be life in prison |
| Who is the largest drug cultivator of coca bush? | Colombia with 81 000 hectares |
| How are drug's transported into Canada? | In liquid form in toothpaste bottles mostly via air travel. |
| What are amphetamines? | A synthetic CNS stimulant and sympathomimetic. |
| How does cocaine effect neurotransmitters? | Blocks the reuptake of norepinephrine and dopimine and serotonin, resulting in prolonged effects of these effects of these neurotransmitters at their recepters |
| T/F Cocaine has a strong reinforcing action that results in rapid psychological dependence. | True. |
| What is an example of Acute toxicity with cocaine? | CNS stimulation, convulsions, cardiac/ respitory arrest. Death can occur very rapidly from cardiac failure. |
| What is an example of chronic toxicity with cocaine? | Irritate nasal spectrum leading to imflammed, runny nose. |
| What is the risk of using cocaine while pregnant? | Miscarriage's and torn placenta's risks are higher |
| What is the common age group for cocaine use in Canada? | Ages 15-24 |
| What is the behavioral effect of amphetamines? | Complex decision making can be temporarily impaired, at higher doses people may panic, and paranoid. Can cause amphetamine psychosis. |
| T/F Methamphetamine can cross the blood brain barrier more readily than amphetamines, increasing it's CNS potency. | True |
| Describe Depressants. | Drugs that have a wide spread effect on the brain that decreases CNS activity. They often have the same effect as alcohol- relaxation, exhilaration, inebriation, drowsiness an uncordination by increasing the GABA transmitters. |
| Who is most likely to abuse depressants? | Adults over the age of 65 and younger adolescents who are seeking a high. |
| Describe Barbiturates. | They are CNS depressants, they reduce the activity of nerves causing muscle relaxation, heart rate, breathing, blood pressure. Can lead to physical dependence. |
| Describe benzodiapines. | A chemical grouping of sedative- hypnotics they relax, used to treat anxiety, sleep disorders, seizure, movement, agitation and anaestitics. They bind to GABA receptors. |
| T/F The use of non prescribed sedatives is higher amount First Nations and Inuit people then the general population on Canada. | True |
| Describe inhalants | Volatile solvents that when inhaled can have similar effects of depressants, high doses make users slur speech and trouble walking. Can be used in dentistry and abuse is more prevalent in younger children |
| Describe Sedatives | Drugs that are used to relax, calm or tranquilizers, they produce sluggish behavior, respiratory issues and depressive behaviours. Dependence is a risk. |
| What are positive and negative reinforcements? | Positive- the experience of pleasure with use. Negative- drug use with the purpose of lessening psychotic symptoms. |
| What is the Medical model? | The patient show's symptoms, a diagnosis is made based of the symptoms shown, confirmation of the disease is made, one the disease is known it's cause can be determined and a cure provided. |
| What is Agoraphobia? | Fear of the marketplace that often accompanies panic disorders, fear of being taped and unable to get out, fear of embarrassing siguation fainting, may not be able to leave the house, afraid of being in public places or standing in line. |
| Name 2 of 6 brain areas that are effected by Schizophrenia. | Basal Ganglia, Frontal Lobe, Limbic System, Auditory system, occipital lobe, hippocampus |
| Describe the Manic state of Bipolar disorder. | Abnormal elevated or irritable mood, at least 3 of the following, inflated self- esteem, distracted, increased activity, increased involvement in pleasurable activities with high risk, mood disturbance. |
| Describe the major depressive state of bipolar disorder. | Five or more of the following; frequent depressed mood, no interest in most activities, body weight changes, insomnia or hyersomnia, either increased or decreased activity, fatigue or loss of energy, guilt, hard to concentrate, suicidal attempt /thoughts |
| What neuropeptide found in the gut and brain cause's panic in those with panic disorder? | Cholcystokinin (CCK) |
| Describe electroconvulsive therapy | Involves passing electrical currents through the brain in which a cerebral seizure is indused. It is used today as the single most effective treatment for major depression disorder. |
| Describe antipsychotic's. | They work with the D2 dopamine receptors and can increase serotonin. They do not produce drug dependance. Agranlocytosis- low whit blood cell count can occur and must be monitored. |
| What it Tardiness dyskinesia | Is a side effect of antipsychotic drug treatmen- Rythmic, repetitive suckling and smacking movement of the lips |
| What are the three main types of antidepressants? | MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITOR (MAO) breaks down serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANTS- does little for psychotic symptoms but improves mood of depression SELECTIVE SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITOR'S (SSRIs) |
| T/F SSRIs don't contribute to babies being to small if taken during pregnancy. However they can cause withdrawal symptoms in newborns if taken when pregnant. | TRUE |
| What is a mood stabilizer? | When used along side a antidepressant it is effective at allowing patients manage their disorders. Ex.) Lithium is a mood stabilizer |
| People with panic disorders reported increased anxiety that led to...? | Depression. |
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